Health and Safety in the Production Plant Environment

Health and galosh in the Production im mark Environment4.1INTRODUCTIONsurroundal and honestty be the aspects that contain to be considered in some(prenominal) fruit botany as these aspects could affect the production process, kind-hearted health, and environment. Raw materials, product, by-product, and equipment are the about important elements allowd in unhazardousguard euphonyment of production plant. In this chapter, each element that could be infer to human and environment are discussed for example how raw materials and equipment could be a bane to human and how by-product could be a threat to environment. This chapter will be discussed on how to apply and implement incident Identification, find mind and fortune Control (HIRARC) according to designated plant. Enforcing the law of occupational Safety and Health, HIRARC are greatest important.4.2SAFETY CONSIDERATIONIn come out to continue optimum productivity of plant production, employee and employers have t o work together to envision a reliable work distance for manpower activities. Plus, the adopt of safe work place environment and guard duty consideration to cheer stack from some(prenominal) hazard are utmost important. Efficient method to post the risk involving process and implement the most practical and applicable measure to reduce and manage the risk is by implementing Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC).4.2.1 Objective of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)HIRARC is a fundamental of basic risk management in management, mathematical operation, and practice of planning of a business. The purposes of HIRARC are as fol pictorial depressionsTo bring out all element that could be hazard to employee and othersTo consider the chances of any harms to be hazard in the circumstances of a particular incase and possible hard knocks obtained from those harmsTo enable employee planning an optimum gumshoe measures to underwrite the risks are guardled in solely the time4.2.2.1 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)MSDS is refer of tuition on the hazards, arctic and emergency measures related to specific products. All the study about the product and by product will be list in this sheet and the hazard of the product will excessively be identified.4.2.2.2 Hazard IdentificationsHazard identification means the identification of unwanted types that brings to materialisation of the hazard and the mechanism by which those unwanted events could occur. In other word, to identify hazard that bathroom ca-ca injury exist around the plant which rat be separate into terce main groups, health hazards, safety hazards, and environmental hazards. Therefore, it raise be simplified that there are three types of common calamity based on the past study. The utmost accident that carry oned in chemic plants is fire, followed by flare-ups and toxic set free.4.2.3 chemic Hazard and Risks in the WorkplaceI n chemic substance substance substance safety depot, hazard refers to the natural precarious properties of a chemical or chemical operation, while risk slackly means the likeliness of the hazardous properties of a chemical that may capture harm to the raft surrounding and the severity of that harm. The risk dealing with chemical or in a chemical operation depends on the inherent hazard, the working environment, physical form of the chemical involved and the method of treatment and lastly the operating procedures.4.2.4 Chemical Hazards of Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM)VAM is a flammable, reactive, colorless liquid that is partly soluble in pissing. At racyschooler levels, VAM sense of smell could be sharp and irritating while it has fruity smell when at lower levels.FlammabilityVAM is a flammable liquid with flash prove is down the stairs 37C. It form flammable vapour when mix with air at room temperature. Plus, its vapours are heavier than air and may travel a long dist ance to an ignition source such(prenominal)(prenominal) as a flame or electric spark and then flash back. reactivityVAM is a reactive molecule and it could polymerize uncontrollably if did not cut intoled or stored properly. Prolonged or piercing photograph to foment, sunlight, ultraviolet light or x-rays may firmness in polymerization. Furthermore, spontaneous polymerization may too result from exposure to amines, strong bitings, alkalis, silica, alumina, oxidizing agents. However, hydrolysation in water not considered as hazardous reaction.Health EffectsVAM is irritating to the upper respiratory nerve pathway, peel off and eyes. Potential hazard to eyes are irritation, redness and swelling just now ca accustom a low acute toxicity by all routes of exposure. Report based on lab experiment state that high level inhalation exposure to VAM in animal results in deaths from pulmonic edema. Moreover, lifespantime drinking water or inhalation exposure to VAM shown pubic lo workout effects in laboratory animals which tumor reported localize straight to attached part with VAM. Tumor observed at high exposure concentrations are not considered to be relevant to humans exposed to low concentrations to a lower place typical custom conditions.Environmental EffectsVAM tends to stay in the air where it is rapidly degraded by photochemical pathways. It has 0.6 days atmospheric half-life and 7 days hydrolytic half-life at pH 7 and 25C. Volatilization of VAM could occur once it is released to soil or water. In case of effect of VAM to water, VAM partitions mostly to the water where it on a lower floorgoes hydrolysis and it is readily biodegraded by either anaerobic or aerobic mechanisms. Plus, VAM is considered to be moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. In conclusion, VAM considered non-harmful to environment.4.2.5 Chemical Hazards of Acetic AcidAt temperature above 16.7 C, acetic vinegarish is described as clear, colourless, combustible liquid with a p ungent odour which is smell like vinegar.FlammabilityAcetic acetous has a flash point of 39 C. Autoignitions temperature of acetic venomous is at 427 C and dilute acetic acid solutions are not combustible. Fire involving acetic acid should be fought upwind and from the maximum distance possible. Moreover, vapour explosion of acetic acid may occur indoors, outdoors, or maybe in sewer. dehydration travel to a source of ignition and flash back.responsivenessOverall, acetic acid is unstable at heating and freezing temperature. The vapour of acetic acid will form fickle mixtures with air. Plus, reaction of acetic acid with chromic acid, ammonium nitrate, sodium peroxide, nitric acid, phosphorus trichloride, or other oxidizers could cause fires or explosions. In case of hazardous decomposition, toxic plashes like atomic number 6 dioxide and carbon monoxide may be released as acetic acid change to decomposition. In concentrated form, acetid acid is highly corrosives.Health Effects moving-picture show to acetic acid may occur through inhalation, ingestion, skin concussion and absorption through the skin. Based on lab experiment, glacial acetic acid is corrosive to t airs while concentrated acetic acid tin cause moderate to severe burns. In addition, vapour acetic acid also asshole cause eye, skin, mucous membrane, and upper respiratory tract irritation upon exposure. In case of effect on humans, acetic acid may irritate eyes, mucous membrane, upper respiratory tract and skin.Environmental EffectsAcetic acid environmental effects depend on the concentration and duration of exposure. It can be a threat to plants, animals, and aquatic as it comes in high concentration. Acetic acid exposed to environment as a vapour and it also soluble in water however it degrades rapidly into harmless substance once releases to environment.4.2.6 Chemical Hazard of EthyleneEthylene is a gasoleneeous with boiling point of -104 C at atmospheric stuff and it is stored in the l iquid state under high pressure or at low temperature. Plus, it has solubility in water of 131 mg/l at 20 C.FlammabilityEthylene gas is highly flammable and explosive.ReactivityEthylene is reactive substances because of double fond regard structure birth in the alkenes. Due to its high reactivity, ethylene may undergo a lot different reactions such as oxidation, halogenation, alkylation, hydration, and polymerisation. benignant HealthEthylene has low toxic level and risk to human health is minimal. It is identified from occupational exposure, general public exposure, and directly or indirectly exposure to environment scarcely exposure to the gas can cause dizziness, lightheaded, and perhaps pass out. However lab experiment declared that ethylene is metabolised to ethylene oxide which can cause cancer from carcinogenic and mutagenic effect.Environmental EffectDue to its physical and chemical properties, ethylene is released in the main into the atmospheric compartment. About thre e quarters of atmospheric ethylene originates from natural sources, while one quarter is from anthropogenic sources. The main anthropogenic release is from burning of hydrocarbons and biomass.4.2.7 Chemical Hazard of group OOxygen is an odourless, colourless, non-flammable gas. It is an oxidizing gas and could accelerates combustion. Oxygen is stored in cylinders at high pressure.FlammabilityOxygen is a non-flammable gasReactivityOxygen vigorously accelerates combustion. Some non-combustible materials could burn with presence of an atomic number 8 amend atmosphere which is greater than 23%. Oxygen may form explosive compounds as exposed to combustible materials such as oil, grease, and other hydrocarbon material. Plus, heat applied on a container with oxygen can cause pressure increase hence cause container rupture.Human HealthIf oxygen is inhaled as much as 80% or above at atmospheric pressure for more than a few hours, it may cause emaciated stuffiness, cough, sore throat, che st pain, and breathing difficulty. Moreover, breathing pure oxygen under pressure may cause lung maltreat and also central nauseous system effects which cause dizziness, poor coordination, tingling sensation, visual and earshot disturbances, muscular twitching, unconsciousness and convulsions.Environmental EffectHighly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion and therefore are fire and explosion hazards in the presence of fuels.4.2.9 Personal cautionary EquipmentPPE is equipment that will cherish the user against safety at work. By this, that person will be beard against one or more risks arising from chemical or chemical operation to the persons health or safety. OSHA 1910.132 requires employers to determine the proper individual(prenominal) preservative equipment for each hazard and to train any employees the guidelines how and when to wear safety contraceptive equipment. Example of personal protective equipment listed for the use of handling of chemicals ca n be classified into following categories such as protective clothe, hand and foot protective gears, eye and formulation protective equipment and last but not least the respiratory protective equipment. This protective equipment may save your life in any danger situation.4.2.9.1 Protective ClothingProtective array may refer which gear that literally can protect body or personal clothing from contact with spartan chemical or any spread of contamination in workplace. This may include gowns, aprons and overalls. This chemical resistance that may affect the select of the protective clothing are the resistance to degradation of the chemical due to the spread of chemical and the permeability of the chemical.Proper option of protective clothing may result in a better in safety and health such as any stern chemical operations depends on the risks involved. adapted material of protective clothing should be in good quality and appropriate form in order to offer up protective if any danger occurred. Handling of chemical is a risk that may happen if not handled it properly, protection can be achieved by the personal clothing such as gowns and overalls made of synthetic material based of terylene or nylon with a water repellent finish.4.2.9.2 Hand Protective GearsHand protective gears may protect the hand and arm from any spills of the chemical and by go along the spread of contamination. Generally gears are gloves apply in in spitry. The selection of gloves usually must be based on the hazard occurred in the industry. In production of plant typically involved dangerous chemical when operating the process. In consideration, reference should be considered in order to categorise based on the chemical resistance properties and physical characteristic of the glove. The Chemical resistance, thermal protection and mechanical strength should be considered when in any different path of industry. Chemical resistance of the protection level depends on the glove materia l itself, the method of construction and thickness of the gloves. It should be sure that chemical resistance property of gloves may be adversely bear on by abrasion and heat. For thermal protection gloves may made from neoprene which can be utilise for handling oils at low temperatures and cotton gloves can operate against moderate heat level.4.2.9.3 Foot Protection GearsFoot protective gears protect the foot and leg from any dangerous chemical and to stay the spread of contamination. Foot protection gears are shoes or boots. The footwear is selected based on the hazard involved and from the working environment. Mostly in plant, it is best to wear a safety boots, in order to prevent any unsafe accident occur. The type of injury should be related to the risk of the injury, the foot should at least be protected by well-made shoes. In cases it depends on the risk of the parts of the body world injured as example of ankle, knee or thigh.4.2.9.4 Eyes and impudence Protection Equip mentIn process of chemical operation, eye or fountain might be need a protective equipment in order to prevent any hazard of splashes of hot or any dangerous liquid chemicals, flying object as example of bursting containers, any dust or vapour that might be harmful to eye and face and lastly the intense light from the radiation emitted to the chemical process. By that, safety goggles should be wearing during the process operation. Other than that, face entertain with adjustable head harness that may protect the face but not fully at the ayes area. Besides, eye and face protective equipment is also available in tints and shades for the protection of radiation or intense light from the chemical operation.4.2.9.5 Respiratory Protective EquipmentThe potential of exposure in MEK plant may achieve 200 ppm, therefore the use of respiratory protective equipment is important in order to prevent the harmful of gas through the respiratory system. Respiratory protective system equipment also used to provide breathing air when working in any dangerous chemical environment where the presence of chemicals in air at high concentration. Be sure to consider all potential exposures when working in place where dangerous chemical exposure occurred. Combination of filters, prefilters or cartridges to protect against different types of form such as mist, vapour, dust and other chemical mixtures must be relates. Exposure of 3000 ppm and above, the situation is absolutely dangerous to life and health. The range of exposure must be less than 3000 ppm and if possible use a NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus just to hire sure the better quality and protection approved by the NIOSH.4.3 fortune ASSESSMENTRisk analysis that is most telling is one that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative method. The result are present in a risk matrix is very effective method of communication the distribution of the risk at the plant area workplace. The likelihood of an event occu rring range from most likely to inconceivable are where the value came from. As shown in the table below of likelihood using the following set parry 4.1 LikelihoodSource DOSH HIRARC rule of thumbThe severity is categories into five elements. The increase level of severity to an individuals health, property and environment that is present in the table below table 4.2 SeveritySource DOSH HIRARC GuidelineTable 4.3 Likelihood vs SeveritySource DOSH HIRARC GuidelineThe priority is find out based on the following risk category for necessary actions. Table 4.4 Risk CategorySource DOSH HIRARC Guideline4.4RISK CONTROL snag MEASUREHIRARC last feeling process is risk control. The assessed hazard will be assigned by risk control yard for each control needed. Suitable control requires proper evaluating and selecting long and short term controls. The short-term measures to protect workers are implementing and the long term controls can be put in place when reasonably applicable. The five type of control started from elimination, substitution, engineering control, administrative control and last defences is personal protective equipment (PPE) which used when controls measure practicable and where additional protection is needed. The hierarchy of control to be applied is shown below.Figure 4.1 Hierarchy of Control (Source DOSH HIRARC Guideline)4.4.1 EliminationElimination is the most effective hazard control which the step is by eliminating the hazard or in other words, physically removing it. winning example when an employee is doing a melodic line high above the ground, the hazard can be givedby moving the homo they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights.4.4.2 SubstitutionSubstitution is a preventive step involves replacing some task that might produces hazard with something that might not. This step quite similar to elimination but it required replaced task for the eliminated task. Taking example of process of replacing lead bas ed paint with acrylic resin paint.4.4.3 Engineering ControlsThe main objective of engineering controls is rather isolates people from hazards than eliminate the hazards. Capital costs of engineered controls tend to be higher than less effective controls in the hierarchy. However they may reduce future costs. For example, building a work platform is a chosen step rather than purchase, replace, and maintainfall arrestequipment. Plus, isolation could create a physical breastwork between person and hazard. For example, using a remote control is much safer than manually control.4.4.4 Administrative ControlsDefinition of administration controls is changing the way people work. This control types need an organization that could handle all the employees. The examples of its steps are including procedure changes, employee training, and installation of signs and warning labels. Administrative controls do not despatch hazards, but limit or prevent peoples exposure to the hazards, such as com pleting road constructionat night when fewer people are driving.4.4.5Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal protective equipment(PPE) includes gloves,respirators, hard hats,safety glasses,high-visibility clothing, and safety footwear. PPE is the least effective means of controlling hazards because of the high potential for damage to render PPE ineffective. Moreover, some PPE, such as respirators, increase physiological essay to complete a task and, therefore, may require medical examinations to ensure workers can use the PPE without risking their health4.5RELEVANT OSH LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONThe regulation and regulation for occupational, safety and health need to be obey for every processing plant. The act and regulations ensuring both employer and employees to take safety and health issue in working area seriously. Safety and health objective is to provide a good safe working condition and to control plant or factory operation with respect to the safety, health and welfare of t he employer and employee. The regulations need to be follow which is The Factory Act 1948 and Control of Industrial study contingency Hazard (CIMA) 1996. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989. As stated under OSHA 1994 regulation is Employers Safety and Health General indemnity Statement 1995, Control of Industrial Major Accidents Hazards 1996, Safety and Health direction 1996, Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemical 1997, Safety and Health Officer 1997 and persona and Standards of Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health 2000. Duty to implement safety and health act are under responsible of both employer and employees and Occupational Safety and Health Act OSHA 1994 summarized the duties of employer and employees as below.Duties of EmployerProvide and maintain safe plant and system of workMake arrangement for safe use operation, handling, storage, and transportation of plant and substances.Provide instruction, information, tra ining and supervision.Provide and maintain safe pace of work and means of access to and egress from any place of work.Provide and maintain safe and Healthy working environment and adequate welfare facilities.Duties of EmployeesReasonable care for safety and health him/herself and others.Co-operate with employer and others.Wear and use PPE.4.6MAJOR EQUIPMENT AND POTENTIAL INCIDENT IN PROCESS PLANTTable 4.5 HIRARC Major Equipment in Process PlantTable 4.6 HIRARC Potential attendant in Process PlantHazard IdentificationRisk analytic thinkingRisk ControlNoHazard IdentifiesPotential AccidentAccidentConsequentTypes of injuryLikelihoodSeverityRisk (Likelihood x Severity) interference Control measurePerson in charge1 tubeLeakage, RuptureExplosionFatalities4416(High)Detector rub MaintenanceInstallation, Operation and Maintenance