Hills Like White Elephants Analysis

Sand Slides Like Lambs Have you ever looked at the West Elk mountains and seen the lamb in the side of Mt. Lamborn? The reason it is called that is because of the sandy slide that resembles a sheep much like the Cantabrian mountains of Spain resemble white elephants. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† (1927), written by Ernest Hemingway, is about a young, unmarried couple, the American and Jig, who are sitting at a train station in Spain, apprehensively discussing an abortion for Jig. The story starts with Jig looking at the surrounding hills and talking about different types of alcohol.There is a following conversation between the two where they talk about their relationship post-abortion. There is not a definite conclusion to their discussion, and it is left up to the reader to infer. In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Hemingway utilizes symbolization, characterization, and conflict to create a tense story between a young man and lady and give a clue as to whether or not the couple proceeds to get the abortion or not. Hemingway uses dialogue to develop conflict to show that even without a lot of clues, the couple is still arguing about something.The first example is when the woman suggests that the hills look like white elephants but the man says he’s never seen one. In response she remarks, â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have,† in a way that makes it sound as if she didn’t intend for her comment to be nice. Then, further into the story, the conversation dies down and the woman says, â€Å"They don’t really look like white elephants. I just meant the colouring of their skin through the trees. † By saying this the woman is almost scared of being wrong in the eyes of the man, so she submissively changes her own opinion to conform with his.The woman creates a lot of the conflict but an example of the man doing this is when he keeps insisting on things until the girl is finally fed up and asks him, â€Å"Will you please †¦ stop talking? † This line is important because it shows the attitude and brashness of the man which is characterization, as I’ll talk about in my next paragraph. Characterization plays a prominent role in the story because the reader never gets to hear the thoughts of the characters, only their conversation and actions.For instance, upon arriving in the train station, the woman instantly begins to look at her surroundings, looking off at the line of hills, and commenting on them. When she does this it is like Hemingway wants readers to see Jig as a person who is more aware of new ideas and possibilities . He makes the American the opposite, however. Whenever the girl begins to look off at at something, she is quickly brought back to reality because the American wants to talk about what he thinks is important. The American is also less tactful when talking about the abortion.He constantly refers to it as an operation, â€Å"just to let the air in,† whereas Jig never even mentions it. With Jig never mentioning the operation because it is taboo and saying things like, â€Å"And if I do it you’ll be happy and things will be like they were and you’ll love me,† makes her seem inferior and dependent on the American (WriteWork Contributors). She sounds childish and thinks that the only way to be happy is to please the American man. Hemingway’s characterization creates two conflicting personalities that raises the tension and gives the reader a sense of actually sitting at a table near them, eavesdropping.The most important element in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is symbolization because there are a lot of ideas and words that don’t have the same impact as they do when there is a concrete object resembling it. One of the most important symbols in this story was the bead curtain that hangs and separates the kitchen from the dining area. The meaning behind the curtain is to separate one thi ng from another, like the American and Jig’s opinion on keeping the baby. Painted on the curtain is â€Å"Anis del Toro† which is booze of the bull (Shmoop Editorial Team). This alludes to how meaningful alcohol is in the story.When Jig says, â€Å"That’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks,† it seems that they are frequent party-goers, and that may be how she got pregnant in the first place. Then they try the Anis del Toro and Jig comments, â€Å"Everything tastes of liquorice. Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for. † Maybe after a few years of hard partying she realizes that it isn’t all that great and tastes of vile licorice. These two lines together make her think that settling down and making a family may be what she actually wants. Furthermore the very landscape that the story is set in is a symbol.The narrator mentions, â€Å"On this side there was no shade and no trees and the s tation was between two lines of rails in the sun,† implying that the current situation was very barren and dry. But then later in the story, â€Å"The girl stood up and walked to the end of the station. Across, on the other side, were fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro,† which portrays a very green, fertile landscape. Hemingway uses these two descriptions to symbolize and contrast Jig’s decision of whether or not she will carry out the abortion. Hemingway’s usage of symbols helps enrich the story. Hills Like White Elephants† had several important techniques such as conflict, characterization, and symbolization to make a dramatic story about a man and woman and their differences. After finishing the story, many readers are able to infer that they did not keep the baby. This is because the last line is Jig pleasing the man and denying that she is feeling anything but â€Å"fine. † Geography can be simple landmarks, or it can b e complex symbols for taboo topics. Works Cited Edwards, Fred. â€Å"Critical Analysis. † House of Desmond. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. . Hemingway, Ernest . â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants. † Anchorage School District.Web. 15 Feb. 2013. . â€Å"Katy's American Literature Blog: Symbolism in â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. † Katy's American Literature Blog. 29 Jan. 2009. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.. Shmoop Editorial Team. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants Drugs and Alcohol Quotes Page 1† Shmoop. com. Shmoop University, Inc. , 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. Shmoop Editorial Team. â€Å"The Bamboo Bead Curtain in Hills Like White Elephants† Shmoop. com. Shmoop University, Inc. , 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. WriteWork contributors. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants: Jig Character Analysis† WriteWork. com. 19 February, 2009. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.

General Knowledge in Criminal Justice

Every country is governed by a set of laws designed to maintain order within it. There are laws that govern the political relations with its citizens while there are also laws that regulate the civil rights of its citizens. There are a set of rules that define what acts or omissions are considered felonies or offenses and prescribes punishment for violations of these rules. The latter is called the criminal justice system of a country. This criminal justice system is manifested by the enactment of penal laws of the state. Penal laws define what acts are considered crime and determine the proper penalty for its commission. Because of the enactment of penal laws, each state is able to enforce and maintain law and order within its jurisdiction. Society is a complex structure which does not simply function harmoniously by accident. There must be a conscious effort on the part of the state to regulate the behavior of its members. It is because of this reason that the system of punishment was institutionalized and legitimized in our society. Punishment is the action taken by the State for every violation of its laws. Punishment can be considered as a response by the society to any offense or felony committed against it. It may range from the deprivation of liberty of the convicted individual or the payment of fine for the reparation of injury caused. The deprivation of liberty can last from several days or it may extend to several years depending on the nature of the crime committed. If the crime however is heinous capital punishment may be imposed. Classical Theory There are many theories on which our criminal justice system is based. One of the foundations for imposition of the criminal justice system is the Classical Theory. It attempts to give an explanation on the root cause of crime for the purpose of controlling it or preventing it from happening. It argues that man is by nature a moral creature with a free will. This free will gives him the capacity to choose between right and wrong. When man performs an act, the assumption is that the same is a rational and conscious decision arising from a careful calculation of its possible consequences. It is to be presumed that the doer of the act has carefully weighed the consequences of his action so that he will achieve his end-goal which is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Thus, when a person engages in deviant behavior and commits a crime it is to be presumed that he voluntarily and willfully committed it after a careful calculation of both the benefits and risks of its commission. Crime is therefore a product of rational and conscious choice deliberately performed by an individual and not the result of the external forces surrounding him. There are those who hold that crime is a social and natural phenomenon as contradistinguished from the Classical Theory. According to the Positivist Theory, man at times is subdued by a strange and morbid phenomenon which constrains and impels him to do wrong. Though man is by nature good, there are forces around him that makes him commit a wrongful act. Thus, contrary to the Classical School, crime is not a product of a rational and conscious decision that results from carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the act rather it results from interplay of social and external forces that heavily influence the individual. It is because of this reason that the criminal justice system should not be a mere function of strict and inflexible application of the abstract principles of law. Rather, it is the task of the judge to take into consideration such other facts and circumstances that attend the commission of the crime. Retributivism Theory There are those who adhere to the Retributivism Theory. According to this theory, punishment is allowed, whether it is imprisonment or death, because the convicted prisoner deserves it. This is otherwise known as the doctrine of ‘just desert’ which is founded on the ‘eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth† philosophy. When an injury is done to another, an unfair situation is created between the offender and the victim. The imposition of punishment against the wrongdoer removes the unfair advantage and restores the balance. (Anthony Duff, Sec 5) In essence, this theory states that certain actions in the society that are injurious to other people will merit the imposition of imprisonment. When these acts are done willfully and voluntarily by any individual then it is but proper that he be punished for his acts to restore the moral balance and address the moral culpability which are essential in restoring harmony in the society. (Deligitimizing Retribution†2) UtilitarianTheory On the other hand, there are those who believe in the Utilitarian Theory. It argues that state- sanctioned punishment is justified because of its utility. Based on the principle of utility, acts are pursued depending on the desirability of its consequences. If punishment will most likely produce the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness then the punishment is justified. But if there are other options that would produce a greater balance of happiness over unhappiness, then that option should be chosen and punishment is unjustified. Kevin Murtagh, Sec 1a) In simpler terms, the idea is if we are to weigh the positive effects of punishment as against its negative effects and the positive effects outweighs the negative ones then that punishment has to be imposed. This theory somewhat looks forward and considers the consequences of punishment to the society. Unlike the Retributivist theory which focuses on the benefits to the victim, in Utilitarian Theory the oth er members of the society is considered to benefit from the imprisonment of the convicted prisoner. Deterrence Theory. For example, capital punishment is considered beneficial for the society because it deters the commission of more crimes by other persons. Under the Deterrence Theory, the imposition of the criminal justice system sends a strong message that it is tough on crime. Once a convicted prisoner is imprisoned or sentenced to death it is as if we are saying to the rest of the society that this will happen to those who will violate our laws. It is also an open declaration that there is a war against crime and that any violation of its laws will be seriously dealt with by the state. Once society sees that the violation of a law will have serious consequences to the wrong-doers then this will have a positive effect to the society by deterring criminality. Incapacitation Theory According to Incapacitation Theory, society is also benefited from the imprisonment of the convicted prisoner because it incapacitates him from further committing crimes and reduces recidivism rate. (Lynch and Sabol) Experience shows that those who have previously committed crimes are more likely to commit another crime. There is no more effective way of incapacitating the offender except by removing them from the society. Thus, in the case of imposition of death penalty, a person who is sentenced to death can no longer commit further crimes because he is permanently incapacitated to perform the same. The society is also benefited when wrong-doers are incarcerated or sentenced to death. We also prevent the possibility of these people escaping from prison and committing further crimes. (Thoughts on the Death Penalty p 2) The purpose of this is the protection of the other members of the society. Restorative Justice Theory The Restorative Justice theory is another aspect of the Utilitarian Theory which gives emphasis on the restoration of the criminal offender as one of the purposes of criminal justice system. It seeks to promote the objective of restoring the offender to the mainstream society by making him perform community service, requiring reimbursement and other worthwhile activities while in prison. This is based on the theory that a criminal offender is a socially sick individual. The other members of the society have the moral obligation to give aid and assistance to them.

Baron in the Trees Analysis

Baron of the tree is a wonderful short story by Italo Calvino. This is a young baroness about 12 years old living in Umbrossa town. One night, Cosimo decided not to eat the nasty snail plate that his sister made that night, so he went to the Great Holm's oak tree in his garden and never got down. . Cosimo can still be a baron and live an adventurous life all day. When they came to Italy to fight Austrians, he was able to help the Napoleonic army, protect the town from pirates, and build a system to irrigate to stop summer firefires. Calvino's most famous book may be an invisible city and cosmology. Both are wonderful, but according to my taste, the best works of Calvino are trilogy with coat of arms, baron of tree, descenders of crow, and no. Knight of existence. My favorite is a baron on a tree, running on a tree and telling a young baron living his life. However, it is only over 200 pages. Therefore, I will name a nonexistent knight, this is a novel about cry, a real knight, and he is summoned to Charlemagne's good faith and faith to the sacred cause. As a bonus, most versions include a similarly good short story for the 17th century visitors The Cloven Viscount. Ding, Ding! Let's say that the author should be judged by his five best books and five best books. In the case of Calvino, they are supposed to be a baron of trees, perfect cosmology, a non-existent knight, and Viscounts of Cloven, invisible streets, and Markovado. According to this standard, William Maxwell and Tolstoy are also strong competitors, but he seems difficult to become a top team. In a recent speech at Missouri State University you have commented that you like physical books that are better than the screen and Kindle is not very appealing for you. You mentioned that as well - I must admit that I did not accept this - your human soul as a Rube Goldberg device: choice of your own adventure story Hold a hidden page only when reading the story before. Did you consider the physical nature of t he text when you write or complete the book?

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final paper - Essay Example By studying all of these traditions, one finds that they are all useful or most types if childhood issues. In the 1940s, Carl Rogers (1951, 1955) established a new model of, person centered therapy. Emphasis was placed on the relationship between therapist and client based upon genuineness, acceptance and trust. Person centered theory provided a new perspective of personality structure, psychological health and the process of change in therapy. Largely influenced by the person centered approach, Axline (1969, 1971) developed a new therapeutic approach for working with children - non directive Play Therapy. Based on the person centered theory, Axline devised a clear Play Therapy theory and method. She said "No-one ever knows as much about a human beings inner world as the individual himself. Responsible freedom grows and develops from inside the person". For over 50 years, Play Therapy has been practiced and researched within the United States. This has been led by many Play Therapists, including Moustakas (1953, 1966, 1973, 1981, 1992) and Schaefer (1976, 1986, 1993), who have progressed Axlines original formulations and devised differing models integrating elements of systemic family therapy, narrative therapy, solution focused therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Play Therapy started to emerge as a new and differing tradition in the 1980s. Since then, the Childrens Hour Trust has taught professionals the basic techniques of Axlines Play Therapy that are used in a multitude of settings. As play therapy developed it was still applicable not only to all children but in numerous setting. British Drama Therapists started using Play Therapy methods to enhance their Drama Therapy with children. Sue Jennings (1994) and Ann Cattanach (1993, 1994, 1998) integrated parts of non directive Play Therapy to enlarge the British Play Therapy movement. Actualization - Humans are motivated by an innate tendency to develop constructive and healthy

Occupational Health and Safety Administration Essay

Occupational Health and Safety Administration - Essay Example These questions aredescription of the value of the value of health management guidelines, the value of safety precautions, methods of educating employers on OSHA compliance, effects of incentives to management, risks that might emanate from inadequate management(Connors and Gena, 4). It is important to identify the value of health management and safety precautions in an organization. Employees within an organization have a right for the safeguarding of their health, and it is the duty of the employer to initiate measures that will ensure employees are protected from the health risks that emanate from their works. On this note therefore, observance of the values of health management in an organization is an important procedure of professionally creating awareness and methods of managing OSHA compliance within an organization.It is also important to analyze the efficient methods that OSHA experts can use in educating employers on OSHA regulations. This is because without their collabor ation, it is impossible to achieve the objective of OSHA regulations (Reich, 9). It is employers who implement the OSHA regulations, and it is they, who are charged in case they fail to implement these regulations. In developing my professional expertise in the awareness and methods of managing OSHA compliance in an organization, it is important therefore to know and understand the most efficient method of educating employers on the importance of OSHA regulations.It is also important to understand the types of risks that employees of an organization can face.

Discussion Questions week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions week 3 - Essay Example Some of the managers were using free or personal Email addresses in business communication and he felt that this was unprofessional. Consequently, he ordered that all employees were only allowed to use Email addresses that included the company domain name and instituted a policy whereby other sites such as MSN and Yahoo would be inaccessible through the company server for the purpose of checking Email accounts. The forces of influence used to make this decision included his business background – he had formerly worked for a software company in which all Email addresses for employees were simple and consistent, his education – with his marketing background he believed that the ability to consistently â€Å"brand† the company would be a benefit, and his fledgling management career – he had only been general manager of the company for several months when the change was instituted and felt the need to exert his power. The campaign to rid of the company of personal Email addresses was instituted in an effective manner. Informative bulletins were sent out for the month prior to the change with clear instructions on how to communicate the change in Email addresses to existing clients who were used to some of the managers’ personal accounts. The managers themselves tried to exert an opposing influence by stating that this new policy would cost them customers who would continue to use the old Email addresses and resist changing to the new ones. These concerns were dealt with in a professional manner and the managers soon realized, with a proper communication campaign before the change took effect, that their clients accepted the new Email addresses. Ultimately, the managers’ discomfort was overcome through a creative process by the general manager in which the communication aspect of the problem became a learning experience in new technology and marketing methods. In the example given above, the

How the Internet Has Affected Communication Behavior Essay

How the Internet Has Affected Communication Behavior - Essay Example From the essay it is clear that prior to the Internet were video games, which over time became more and more sophisticated. The social impact of video games spawned a plethora of studies on human behavior and interaction, especially regarding young people and families. As the Internet began to take hold, people began to be able to communicate and play games over long distances, in real time. It was felt that this activity interrupted family and social life. This study proposes to further examine how the internet is changing the way people communicate with each other on an everyday basis, both for better and for worse. Internet use decreases social interaction. According to a recent study by Stanford University, frequent Internet users report a drop of 15% in traditional social activities, and as much as a 25% drop in use of the phone for talking to friends. While this may be startling at first, history reflects that increased use of the telephone also decreased personal visiting and social activities. There are many variables affecting increases in social Internet use, such as savings in long distance telephone calls and less time spent in the car. This could be interpreted as social isolation if one is simply looking at the numbers and not the reasons behind the numbers. A discouraging report indicated that only 22% of Internet users of two or more years had ever made a new friend online. While this study downplayed the potential value of online friendships, it also encouraged more rigorous study in the area of balance between online communication and person-to-person communication.... 5), frequent Internet users report a drop of 15% in traditional social activities, and as much as a 25% drop in use of the phone for talking to friends. While this may be startling at first, history reflects that increased use of the telephone also decreased personal visiting and social activities. There are many variables affecting increases in social Internet use, such as savings in long distance telephone calls and less time spent in the car. This could be interpreted as social isolation if one is simply looking at the numbers and not the reasons behind the numbers. A discouraging report (Scott Sleek, 1998) indicated that only 22% of Internet users of two or more years had ever made a new friend online. While this study downplayed the potential value of online friendships, it also encouraged more rigorous study in the area of balance between online communication and person-to-person communication. A more recent study (David E. Rohall, et.al, 2002) looked for links between Internet usage and self esteem issues in the realm of person-to-person contact. Again, further research was encouraged, yet the outcome of the study was much more positive. This could lead us to believe that as use of the Internet is integrated into everyday life, a balance could create itself simply through adaptation and users' natural inclinations. These examples provide a clue as to the concerns of our society in terms of interrelationships; it is indicated that in the dawning days of the internet there was trepidation regarding how internet communication would affect person to person communication, yet research has shown that much of the communication taking place by email and chat rooms on the part of college students and others took place within the context of an already existing social

Aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aesthetics - Essay Example In the year 1959, Frank Sibley proposed a different perspective regarding aesthetical concepts saying that these concepts do not depend on any rules or conditions; however, perceptions play a crucial role in judgment or appreciation of the artwork. Subsequently, the article discussed two types of aesthetic concepts: closed concepts and open concepts, where closed concepts come along with some conditions and open concepts enjoy no conditions attached. Lastly, Author indicated that although a number of theorists and scholars have proposed various definitions of art; however, all of them fall in one of the three categories: representation, expression, and form. Since centuries, art and beauty remained some of the influential and significant notions of the human society that inspired individuals to develop aesthetical understanding of existing, as well as non-existing objects. However, particular studies focusing on aesthetics began in early 18th century as theorists and philosophers proposed their theories of harmony, art, music, etc. In such efforts, Immanuel Kant has been prominent as a number of theorists used Kantian thoughts for their basis. In brief, Kant proposed that inclusion of concepts and perceptions into art causes impurity in artworks, and thus, objectivity or universality is essential for purity in the artwork. The author of this article has specifically conversed about different aesthetic concepts that existed since eighteenth century in this sub-topic of ‘Aesthetic Concepts’ in his article, ‘Aesthetics’ (Slater, 2005). In this regard, author indicated that 18th century witnessed development of wild romanticism in art and literature that enabled appreciation of a significant aesthetic notion, ‘Sublimity.’ To validate his point, author has indicated usage of similar term in Edmund Burke’s book in which, Burke showed closer

Self harm and suicide Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self harm and suicide - Coursework Example One of the most common myths is that by asking a person on what their suicide thoughts are they are prompted to actually commit suicide. This myth can be handled through knowing the fact that when an individual is asked about their suicidal thoughts their sense of isolation is lowered and they feel cared for and that there is available help. Another common myth is that suicide and self-harm happen without warning. The nurses being aware that most individuals before committing suicide they are verbal about their distress and pain can handle this myth. In addition, the myth that suicide only happens to specific people is common. The nurses bearing in mind that anybody is capable of committing suicide can handle the myth. Finally, the myth that people who talk about suicide are just attention seekers is common. Nurses need to know that in most cases patients will try to communicate before they actually commit suicide (Krysinska,

Hewlett Packard Essay Example for Free

Hewlett Packard Essay HP Introduction Hewlett-Packard Company officially called HP is an American multinational company initially created for electronic and instrumentation which has evolved towards computer software and multimedia. It is one of the 40 biggest companies of the world. Its main products are printers and peripheral devices, computers of any sizes (pocket computers, laptops, home computers as well as servers and services to other companies. The company has its headquarter at Palo Alto in the Silicon Valley in California. In 2008, the annual turnover was about 118 billion dollars and HP was the first computer maker of the world, before IBM and Dell. HP produces approximately half of the printers in the world, which represents a quarter of its turnover. Creation January the first of 1939, the company Hewlett-Packard was founded in Palo Alto by two friends, engineers in electronics from Stanford University, William Hewlett and David Packard. The company was created in a garage, a few kilometers from San Francisco, in California. They first began with 585 dollars. For the story, the two entrepreneurs flipped a coin to choose if the company will be named Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett, Bill wan. The beginning At first, Hewlett-Packard devised, make and commercialize trial and measure instruments with their new product which is an audio precision oscillator with prices lower than the concurrence. Their first client was Walt Disney Pictures which served to synchronize the sound effects in the film Fantasia. 1940 to 1970: from instrumentation to computer devices Little by little HP finds out that the acquisition of data is essential when we possess numerous machines of measurement. From that point, HP develops its first microcomputers and home computers dedicated to data treatment. This will be done in two parts: In 1966 HP produces its first microcomputer. In 1968, HP produces programmable calculators. Informatique, pà ©riphà ©riques et services des annà ©es 1970 In the 1970’s, HP develops different ranges of computers, technical just as well as management and personal. Computers Since 1972, HP develops a range of  « micro-computers  » dedicated to management in  « real time  »,  « multi task  »,  « multi-user  » whereas most of the other constructors where doing information technology in â€Å"differed time†. The company will also commercialize graph plotter (ancestor of the printer). HP will continue to increase its competitiveness with innovation concerning calculators, micro-computers, mini-computers, printers etc. Micro-computing and peripheries from 1980 to 2000. To complete the range, HP expanded the range of peripheries, micro-computing, and workstation. In 1984, Hewlett-Packard commercializes: Its first personal computer Its first ink printer (Thinkjet) Its first laser printer (LaserJet) In March 1986, Hewlett-Packard recorded the domain  « hp.com  »; at that time it is the ninth company in the world to own internet domain. In 1989, HP buys the company Apollo. In 1993, HP threw itself into general public of PC. In 1994, it is the launch of printers Officejet, personal printer-fax-photocopier. Acquisition and restructuration in 2000’s 1999 – 2005 From 1999 to 2005, CEO Carly Fiorina buy and merge with Compaq Hewlett-Packard and reorganize the company reducing the number of 15,000 employees. 2005-2010 In May 2008, HP bought EDS which is the largest buyout of a services company in computer engineering ever made so far with a total of $ 13.9 billion. November 11, 2009, Hewlett-Packard announced the acquisition of 3Com for $  2.7 billion U.S. dollars, operation materialized 12 April 2010. June 1, 2010, HP announced a dismissal will take place over several years to lead to the elimination of 9,000 employees. On 6 August 2010, Mark Hurd was forced to resign. Cathie Lesjak, the chief financial officer, has been acting as CEO. 2010-2011 On 2 September 2010, HP announced the acquisition of U.S. manufacturer 3PAR after a battle with Dell for $ 2.4 billion. The new CEO, Leo Apotheker, took office on 30 September 2010. Since 2011 September 22, 2011, HP announced the replacement of Leo Apotheker with Meg Whitman, former eBay boss. May 23, 2012, HP announced a social affecting 27,000 employees. September 27, 2012, this social plan is reviewed on the rise and affects 29,000 people. November 20, 2012, HP announced a loss of $ 12.6 billion for the year 2012 including $ 8.8 billion related to the acquisition of Autonomy Corporation in 2011 In August 2011, HP announced the end of production for the PC end of the year, after the failure of its tablet but October 28, 2011, HP announced that it keeps its PC division because of the value it represents. In the third quarter of 2012, HP has lost its position as the worlds number one PC for the benefit of Lenovo, HP, however, disputes this Research and development, manufacture and distribution Computer server Networks, storage solutions, electronic document management Professional microcomputers and large public Scanners and digital cameras and printers Printing CD and DVD recorders, DVD TFT LCD, video projectors HP Calculators. Digital music player

Ethical Dilemma Summary and Analysis

Ethical Dilemma Summary and Analysis Hardeep Kaur   Ã‚   An ethical dilemma is a situation in which often includes a clear mental clash between two things or decisions. In ethical dilemma if we obey one decision than it would bring about disobeying another. Ethical dilemma is also known as moral dilemma. Ethical dilemmas make the situations too difficult. A person has to choose only one way from two of them- a moral or an immoral way. Ethical dilemmas can be seen everywhere in our daily lives. However everybody has their own particular experience towards ethical dilemma. In reality, good values participate in everybodys life. We need to oversee and take a look after our moral values and in addition towards our desires also. There are three conditions that must be available for a circumstance to be viewed as a moral problem. The primary condition happens in circumstances when an individual, called the operator, must settle on a choice about which strategy is ideal. Circumstances that are awkward however that dont require a decision, are not ethical dilemmas. The second condition for moral situation is that there must be distinctive strategies to look over. Third, in a moral situation, regardless of what game-plan is taken, some moral guideline is traded off. As it were, there is no immaculate arrangement. In any case, the ethics of care focuses on the moral hugeness of tending to the necessities of the general population for whom we accept risk; it is in a general sense about associations. Beyond this, the ethics of care is shown as a record of significant quality that adversaries traditional approaches and hypothetical frameworks about consideration on rights, commitments, value, independence and sensible reason. By following good values, individuals make issues and disarray in their life. Everybody has distinctive purpose for the moral issue. For example, social issues, financial issues and emotional issues. In this document, I am going to talk about an ethical dilemma that I faced personally. Education is described as a moral enterprise and many of the professional dilemmas teachers encounter have an ethical aspect. (Ulvik, 2016) I am going to explain an ethical dilemma in my one year of teaching experience. After my IELTS exam, I started teaching in a school as an English teacher. I was a fresher teacher, so I did not knew much about the schools of my area. After few weeks of my job in school, I noticed that the management of the school was really bad. They did not appoint required staff. There were only few teachers in the staff. In Indian schools, students pay fees monthly, they increased the tuition fees after two-three months and did not gave any proper education to students. Parents expected a lot from the school. They expect a bright future of their children, but the future of students was dark in that school. The student- teacher relationship was not good. Teachers did not care about the students. Positive student-teacher relationships are related to students academic achievement and behavioral and emotional adjustment (Sointu, 2016)   I saw that some teachers ask children to do their personal tasks, such as bringing something from the market for them and some male teacher s also asked children to bring food for them from home. I know that schooling system in India is not so good and but it was worse. I tried my best to teach students everything very perfectly. I cannot help those students to get rid of this management because if I will raise my voice or take any action, I can lose my job and it was against my profession, I cannot go against that organization in which I work and if I will not take any action then I will let the future of those children going into dark. So, at that time I had two options, and I chose to keep quiet. But I think that I did wrong. I became selfish at that time. I should think for those children at that time instead of thinking about me. But I was helpless at that time. Ethical dilemmas affect our societal, professional and personal values. I think that the decision I made at that time was good but now I think that it was not good. Many values were affected. Taking the social values in account, teachers are the second person after parents on which a child believes the most. In India, it is said that teachers are the second parent of the children. Teachers are the member of society from which society expects a lot. They are professionally respected and are provided with high level of education. They teach them like the parents, they also protect them if they are in any problem. A student can share his problem with teacher if he hesitates from parents. It is said that teachers cannot cause harm to their students. I violated all these societal values. I became selfish and did not protect my students from that school management. I feel ashamed and guilty now. Beside this, my profession was teaching, a teacher is second parent of students. Education is d escribed as a moral enterprise and many of the professional dilemmas teachers encounter have an ethical aspect. Parents and students trust a lot on the teachers. But because I was in fear of losing my job and I cannot go against the organization in which I work, I violated some of my professional values also. I was unable to maintain that trustworthy band between parents, teachers and students. Even none of them know this at that time, but whenever they will know they will blame every teacher. Apart from this, I personally feel guilty. My personal values were spoiled. The values such as service of humanity, trust which my parents, my teachers taught me were violated. I violated the rules of my religion that we should help everyone regardless of our own selfishness. I cannot forgive myself thinking that I how did not I care for those kids. There are various ethical standards that are being challenged in this situation. Numerous professions all through the ages have set themselves moral rules that express the states of mind and awareness of others expectations that individuals are required to appear towards their work, articulating the basic qualities and rule that they ought to have regarding their calling. The teaching profession depends on the idea of instructors as specialists who have been appointed particular errands by society, which has likewise set them up for such undertakings by furnishing them with the vital state of training. The profession then requests that the delegates chose to play out these undertakings ought to exhibit high moral measures in all circumstances. An exclusive expectation of professional ethics is a standout amongst the most vital assets accessible to educators, controlling their work and their intelligent relations at the expert level. The work of educating ought to incorporate thought and assessment of the morals of ones own objectives and intentions. ln this sense the reason for the present record of an educators expert morals is to classify and advance the feeling of what is morally right that has dependably been a piece of practice a professional level of expert ability. I think that I have violated all these ethical standards of teaching profession. Now I am going to explain the theories and model that I will use to solve this dilemma which I think that I should use at that time. Utilitarianism is the theory that says that an act is right (moral) if it is useful in bringing about a desirable or good end (Thiroux, 2017). There are two types of utilitarianism: Act utilitarianism and Rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism says that everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest amount of good over bad for everyone affected by the act (Thiroux, 2017) whereas rule utilitarianism says that everyone should always establish and follow that rule or those rules that will bring about the greatest good for all concerned (Thiroux, 2017). In my situation, I should apply utilitarianism theory. To give a better future to students, I should act against the school to bring a desirable and good end. Acting according to act utilitarianism, I should had act against the school to improve the condition of school that will bring the greatest amount of good over bad for students and everyone (like parents and society) affected by that act. Personally, at that time, the decision that I made was good. But I regret afterwards. As rule utilitarianism says there should be some strict rules that should be followed to improve school standards. The ethical decision making model that I will use to solve my ethical dilemma is The Ethical Problem-Solving Model. The first step of this model is identifying the problem or dilemma. The dilemma was that the students were not given proper education in the school in which I used to teach. I was professionally appointed in school as a teacher and I see that students are not given their rights. I was unable to help them because I was in fear of losing my job. Also I cannot go against the organization I work. So this was the dilemma. Second step of this model is to identify potential issues involved in the problem in terms of rights responsibilities and welfare of all involved. The rights and responsibilities of teachers are to help students in every situation, regardless of their own selfishness. So I should help students to gain better education and raise voice against students. Students should be given proper and quality education as if they will be given proper education then the future of country will be secured. It is my responsibility towards the nation and society. I should create awareness among students. It should help them and the society also. The third step of this model is to review relevant code of ethics if they apply. According to me, on behalf of a social worker, a social worker shall respect the intrinsic worth of the persons served in professional relationships with them. So if I apply this to my situation, I should respect the peoples i.e. students, parents, society and nation as well and act on behalf of serving them as best as I can. The fourth step of the model is to review applicable law s and regulations regarding the dilemma. There was right to education act in India that every Indian has right to get education, so according to that they should be given proper education. The RTE Act says that there is the right and access to quality education to all children in India (Kothari, 2016). Although, there are not proper accurate laws relating exactly to the dilemma. But the students as a citizen of democratic nation, have the right to know that they are being discriminated. They are not given proper education. They have freedom to fight for their rights. They have freedom to speak against the school. On basis of humanity, every individual have the right to expose off a bad management or a bad activity harming the society. No organization have the right to spoil the future of the students. They management should be punished and closed. They are spoiling the future of the country not only the students. So, they government should act upon them. The fifth step of the proble m solving model is consulting to get other perspectives about the problem. When I observed the problem in the school, I discussed it with a few of my close teachers and asked about their views on the problem. Most of those said that just dont interfere in anything. Just let go on how it is going previously. The students which were studying from nine ten years in the same school were used to of the situation. They dont think that the system should be changed. A minority group agreed with my decision, but we alone cannot raise voice against such a big organization. The sixth step of the model is to consider courses of action. In this step, as a teacher the courses of action that I can take are, the first thing is that I should aware the students about the bad management and convince them to fight for their rights. I should help and support students in every situation of their fight for rights. Or the other side of this is that I should not speak anything and just watch the future of s tudents spoiled by the management which I did at that time. Despite this, the other course of action is that I should aware the society to protest and start a reform against the schooling managements that they are spoiling the future of the students. I could also go to the head of the organization and warn him or her to improve the situation of the school and the quality of education. The seventh step of the model is that enumerate consequences of various courses of actions. So in this step, is I consider the first course of action, the students will be aware of the problem and they can fight for themselves. If in their future life, they face the same problem they can fight for themselves and against the injustice. It will give students a power and strength to be independent for their rights and justice. The second course of action will protect my job as it already did because I applied it but it is not good to be selfish in any profession. The next course of action was that I shoul d create a feeling of protest in society. It will create awareness in public against bad management. But it will also create imbalance in society. The other course of action was to approach to head of organization and warn them. This will protect the organization from being disrepute. The problem will be solved politely and without any disputes. The last step of the model is decide on best course of action. According to me, awareness in students and helping them to fight for their rights is the best solution. The students will learn to fight for them. They will not accept injustice in their future life if they will be taught to fight against it in the school life. If students will be aware, then these kind of schooling management will fear and will not even think of doing discrimination with students by not giving them proper education. They will fear that the students can take an action against the management. So this action is best one. The other plans can be applied but I dont th ink so that they will be that much effective. In the textbook, chapter 3 values and professional ethics, it lists the core values of social service worker profession that were very helpful in developing the resolution for dilemma. The core values include respect for inherent dignity and worth of persons; pursuit of social justice; service to humanity; integrity of professional practice; and competence in professional practice (Miller, 2007). These are the values listed for social worker profession. But I think that every profession should follow these values. According to me, in this ethical dilemma situation, the teacher should act in accordance to respect the dignity and value of students and expectations of society. A teacher should act in regard to provide justice to students and he/ she should work for providing good service to humanity. A teacher should not tolerate this for his own child so he should not tolerate this for other students of the society. The code of ethics that implies to the situation is that a social worker shall not behave in a manner that discredits the profession of social work or diminishes the publics trust in the profession. So as a teacher, I should help the students and not be selfish. I should not act in a way that publics trust should be diminished. I should act against the school because that would be best for the society, regardless of thinking about the school. And another code of ethics is that a social worker should promote excellence in the profession. So in the situation, the teacher should help the students and create a good example in the profession. It should be a lesson for other teachers also. To conclude, I can say that the decision that I should aware students is the best and if I would had made this decision at that time it could save their future. But I was not this much aware of it at that time.   Students are aware of teachers actually caring about them; they are able to immediately sense hypocrisy and are aware of the differences between snobbish and authentic behavior. The moral impact on students is important with regard to what they can see and hear around them. (Gluchman, 2016) So if I will help students then it will make a good bond between teacher and students and they would respect the teachers. The students of that school thought that the teachers are cruel. But if I will create love and affection in their hearts and a feeling of getting rid of bad management then they will respect the teacher. At that time, I had a little idea to help students, but I never thought to prepare students to protest for their rights. At that time, I was a bit worried abou t students, and a lot about my job. But now I think that we should not be selfish. Student power can do anything. So, if this decision would be made at that time it would be much better. References Gluchman, V. . (2016). Ethical relationships in the teaching profession in Slovakia. Journal Of Educational Sciences Psychology, 01-20. Kothari, J. a. (2016). A battle of rights: the right to education of children versus rights of minority schools. Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal , 195-218. Miller, P. (2007). Ethical Decision Making. Nelson Education. Sointu, E. T. (2016). Longitudinal associations of student-teacher relationships and behavioural and emotional strengths on academic achievement. Educational Psychology, 457-467. Thiroux, J. a. (2017). Ethics: Theory and Practice. Pearson Education. Ulvik, M. S. (2016). Ethical aspects of professional dilemmas in the first year of teaching. Professional Development In Education, 236-252.

The Tuskegee Airman Essay -- Papers WW II World War 2 Air Force

The Tuskegee Airman For my term paper I chose the Tuskegee Airman. They will alway be the most influential air squadron during WWII. I think this because there where a lot racist people that did not want them to succeed, but they did more than just succeed. They became the first black Air Force pilots. It all started when President Roosevelt arranged a meeting in September 1940 with three African-American leaders and members of the Army and Navy. During the meeting, the leaders emphasized three points:(1)equal opportunity for jobs in the defense industry, (2)impartial administration of the new draftlaw, and (3)an opportunity for qualified blacks to learn to fly in desegrated units.*1* A few days later after the meeting, the War Department issued a policy directives stating that black men generally would be admitted into the armed force in numbers equivalent to their percentage in the civilian population. But it was not until a couple months after the meeting in December 1940, that the Army Air Corps submitted a plan for the experiment to establish an all-black fighter squadron. The plan was not official until July 19, 1941 when Major General Walter Weaver, commander of the U.S. Army’s Southeastern Air Corps spoke at the Tuskegee Institute Campus.*2* It was then that 13 black men became the first black pilot trainees. Most of the trainees were college graduates, including a policeman, an army officer, a factory inspector, and several young men who were fresh out of college. Also, all of the men were trained at Chanute Air Field in Ratoul, Illinois at the US Army Air Corps Technical Training School. The men of... ...groups. But it was not until 1948 that President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order. This order eventually ended segregation in the US military. In this paper I have represented my thesis statement with good facts and hard evidence that the Tuskegee Airman were and always will be the most influential fighter unit during WWII. Bibliography: Bilbiography #1.Mckissack, Patricia and Fredrick Red Tail Angles United States : Walker Publishing Company, 1995. #2.Harris, Jacqueline The Tuskegee Airman New Jersey: Dillon Press,1996. #3.Hart Philip S. Fly Free Minneapolis,Minnesota: Lerner Publications Company,1992. #4.Rose Robert A. Lonely Eagles Los Angelos,CA: Tuskegee Airman Inc. #5. â€Å"Tuskegee Airman:A Brief History† Tuskegee Airman November 26,1999 http://www.ebonywings.com/tuskegee

The Behavior Of Emerging Market Returns :: essays research papers

Currency devaluations, failed economic plans, regulatory changes, coups and other national financial "shocks" are notoriously difficult to predict and may have disasterous consequences for global portfolios. Indeed, these characteristics often define the difference in investment in the capital markets of developed and emerging economies. Research on emerging markets has suggested three market features: high average returns, high volatility and low correlations both across the emerging markets and with developed markets. Indeed, the lesson of volatility was learned the hard way by many investors in December 1994 when the Mexican stock market began a fall that would reduce equity value in U.S. dollars by 80% over the next three months. But, we have learned far more about these fledgling markets. First, we need to be careful in interpreting the average performance of these markets. Harvey (1995) points out that the International Finance Corporation (IFC) backfilled some of the index data resulting in a survivorship bias in the average returns. Second, the countries that are currently chosen by the IFC are the ones that have a proven track record. This selection of winners induces another type of selection bias. Third, Goetzmann and Jorion (1996) detail a re-emerging market bias. Some markets, like Argentina, have a long history beginning in the last half of the 19th century. At one point in the 1920's, Argentina's market capitalization exceeded that of the U.K. However, this market submerged. To sample returns from 1976 (as the IFC does), only measures the "re-emergence" period. A longer horizon mean, in this case, would be lower than the one calculated from 1976. This insight is consistent with the out-of -sample portfolio simulations carried out by Harvey (1993) indicating that the performance of the dynamic strategy was affect by the initial five years. Fourth, exposure as measured by the IFC is not necessarily attainable for world investor's [see Bekart and Urias (1996)]. Second, we have learned that the emerging market returns are more predictable than developed market returns. Harvey (1995) details much higher explanatory power for emerging equity markets than developed market returns. The sources of this predictability could be time-varying risk exposures and/or time-varying risk premiums, such as in Ferson and Harvey's (1991, 1993) study of U.S. and international markets. The predictability could also be induced by fundamental inefficiencies. In many countries, the predictability is of a remarkably simple form: autocorrelation. For example, Harvey (1995) details 0.25 autocorrelation coefficient for Mexico in a sample that ends in June 1992.

Black Thusday: The Crash :: essays research papers

In the roaring 1920s, the United States bathed in previously unheard of prosperity. Industry and agriculture alike profited from the thriving economy. The Federal Reserve Board (known as "the Fed") practiced a policy of easy money, and consumer conf idence was high. Average income grew steadily throughout the decade and production soared. Levels of investment grew to new heights. At year's end in 1925, the market value of all stocks totaled $27 billion. By early October of 1929, that number had g rown to $87 billion. However, the economy began to slow down in 1928, and the trend continued in 1929. Agricultural prices slipped, a result of production surpluses and a downturn in business activity. In July of 1928, the Federal Reserve Board, took n otice and hiked interest rates in an attempt to slow investment to a pace more appropriate to the economic decline. Despite this and other warning signs, patterns of investment continued much as they had in the mid-20s, giving littl e recognition to the e conomic slowdown. The stage was set for a major market correction. On October 24, 1929, dubbed Black Thursday, the stock market crashed. Prices began to decline early in the day, triggering a selling panic in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). When trading closed the Dow Jones Industrial Average had fallen 9 percent and 12,894,650 shares of stock had changed hands, smashing the previous record of 8,246,742. Despite the crash, reports remained optimistic. Major New York banks united to buy up $30 million worth of stock in efforts to stabilize the market, and president Herbert Hoover announced that recovery was expected. Hoover's claims had little merit; the situation became bleaker during the next week. October 29 broke the now four-day old NYSE record for number of transactions: 16,410,035 shares changed hands in total. The market dropped 17.3 percent, confirming, and cementing, the permanency of the crash. The coming months saw no recovery. The crash in the market spelled disaster for the national economy. Corporations with heavy investments faced a sudden and almost insurmountable shock to their assets. Investing froze. As a result, the national economy fell into an unprecedented period of depression. Import spending dropped from $4.399 billion in 1929 to only $1.323 billion by 1932. The same period saw a sharp drop in exports as well. National income slipped lower each year from 1929 to 1932, and did not return to pre-depression levels until World War II.

Health coach Essay

Being a health coach for gamescape these past 5 weeks has really helped me reach a better understanding of health and wellness. Having a team with such different backgrounds and very different in their whole aspect of health and wellness was a challenge at times but that is what made me understand health and wellness so much better. Being the team leader and having to make different life decisions for the three other team members helped me see how changing some small things can have a huge impact in your life. I have learned that even someone who is very active and fit like June in gamescape was there is still room for improvement and better health choices to be made. The most important thing that I have learned is that there has to be balance between all six elements in order to reach optimal health. It is really important to understand each element and make it a part of your life because if one is absent in your life then you can not reach true health and wellness. Before gamescape I had no idea about the six elements that make up health and wellness. I knew that all those things were important but I never really knew the role the six elements have in reaching optimal health. Also learning all the ways that I can help prevent chronic disease has been great, learning about all the risk factors made me very scared at first but I also know now that I can help prevent it.

Earth Is Being Harmed by Human Activity

Some people believe that the earth is being harmed by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the earth a better place to live in. What is your opinion ? First, human activity causes many kinds of animals and plants to disaster. Today many species of living beings died or near died out. We only can see some animals in the zoo because in nature they have disappeared. Human beings have been using their brains and machines to remake nature for many thousands of years.We use the habitats of animals and plant. We eat their food and eat them as food, because animals and plants cannot grow fast to satisfy human beings, we cannot see them today. If some animals are delicious, we eat them. No animals can copy with human beings. Secondly, human beings cause pollution to the Earth. I remember when I was young; I drank water from the river and stream. Today, we can only drink bottled water bought from the market, because natural water is polluted by human activities.Air in some cou ntries is polluted very badly, so many people died of lung cancer. I saw some reports that say in London people could not see each other clearly in a short distance in the morning because of smoke and fog. Finally, population on the Earth exacerbate rapidly. Human beings need more food and shelters because of increased population. More food and houses mean more needs from the Earth. Thus people need to cut more trees to build houses.People need to plant more vegetables and feed more cattle, so they demand more lands from the nature. Thus people are destroying more forests and natural lands. The living beings are losing their habitats. Take into account of all factors I think the earth is being harmed by human activity. Today we cannot breathe fresh air and dink natural water. We have not enough places to live. We worry about our heath because of pollution.

Multiple types of laws Essay

During last week’s session multiple types of laws were introduced and their differences were discussed. One of the types of laws that were discussed were civil laws. Civil laws were created to â€Å"compensate parties and businesses for losses as a result of another’s conduct† (Melvin, 2011). This means that these laws were created for certain types of conduct against another party to be handled civilly between them. For any type of offense that is handled civilly, the defendant will need to repay the plaintiff for any loss suffered. Another type of law is criminal law. Criminal laws â€Å"are a protection of society and the violation of criminal laws results in penalties to the violator such as fines or imprisonment† (Melvin, 2011). This means that these laws were created to protect all of society against criminals that disrupt the peace of others. Another type of law that we focused on was â€Å"Common Law†. Common law, also known as â€Å"Case Law†, is a basic system to ensure that cases with similar commonalities are treated fairly and consistently. For example, imagine that you are the victim of a reckless driver who side swipes your car, and the judge is now responsible for deciding whether the defendant is liable for the damages in question. The judge will listen to the statements in court and refer to common law in other cases to ensure that the party is fairly dismissed or prosecuted, depending on the verdict. The type of law that many people have heard of is statutory law, also known as written law. Unlike Common Law, Statutory law is made by legislature and written down (hence the â€Å"aka† written law). Statutory Law is a concept in order to underscore the distinction between laws that a governing body makes and case law. If looking for an example of Statutory Law, you do not have to travel too far, or fast I should say; posted speed limits. This means that the speed limit is â€Å"formally† (and literally in this case) written and enacted. Another law that was discussed last week was substantive law. â€Å"Substantive law is the statutory, or written law, that defines rights and duties, such as crimes and punishments, civil rights and responsibilities in civil law†Ã‚  (Melvin, 2011). This law defines and regulates individual’s rights. Some example substantive law is the law of contracts, torts as we talk about in the last lecture along with real property and the essential substance of rights under the law. Substantive law and procedural law are the two main categories with the law. Procedural law sets the rules and methods employed to obtain one’s rights and in particular how the courts are conducted. This law basically defines and creates rights limitations under which society us governed. References Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Pondy’s view in the “process of conflict” Essay

Pondy views conflict as a process consists of 5 stages – latent conflict, perceived conflict, felt conflict, manifest conflict and conflict aftermath. Managers can use Pondy’s model to interpret and analyze a conflict situation and take action to resolve it. In latent conflict, there’s no outright conflict but there’s a potential for several sources of conflict, such as interdependence, differences in goals and priorities, bureaucratic factors, incompatible performance criteria and competition for resources. As organization differentiate, activities of different subunits are interdependent. Each subunit develops a desire for autonomy and begins to pursue goals and interests that it values over the goals of other subunits. Since the activities of the subunits are interdepedent, subunits’ desire for autonomy leads to conflict between groups. Differences in subunit orientation affect the way each division views the world and cause each subunit to pursue different goals that are often inconsistent or incompatible. The potential for conflict arises once their goals become incompatible. This is because the goals of one subunit may affect the ability of anothe to achieve its goals. Latent conflict may also arise by the way which task relationships develop in organizations. Conflict can occur because of status inconsistencies between different groups in the organization’s bureaucracy. One of the bureaucratic conflict occurs between staff and line functions. A line function is directly involved in the production of the organizaion’s outputs while staff functions advise and support the line function such as personnel and accounting. In most organizations, people in line functions view themselves as the critical organizational resource and people in staff functions as secondary players. Thus, they always uses its status a the producer of goods and services to justiry putting its interests ahead of the other function’s interests. This results in conflict. Sometimes goals incapability are not the souce of conflict. However, it is because of the way organization monitor, evaluate and rewards different subunits. The way an organization designs its structure to coordinate subunits can affect the potential for conflict as well. Other than thses, conflict may arise because of the limited resouces as well. When resources are limited, choices aobut the allocation of them have to be made and the subunits will have to compete for their share. Divisions will have to fight to increase their share of funding because the more funds they can obtain, the faster they can grow. Perceived conflict is the second stage of Pondy’s model. Perceived conflict begins when subunits perceives that its goals are being thwarted by the actions of another group. Each group searches for the origin of the conflict and constructs a scenario that accounts for the problems that it’s experiencing with other subunits. For example, the manufacturing function suddenly realize that the cause of many of its production problems is defective inputs. After some investigation, they found that the materials management always buys inputs from the lowest-cost sources of supply and makes no attempt to develop the kind of long-term relationships with suppliers that can raise the quality and reliability of inputs. So, the manufacturing will perceive the materials management as thwarting its goal and interests. In felt conflict stage, subunits in conflict quickly develop an emotional response toward each other. Cooperation between subunits and organizational effectiveness will fall if conflict arises. The conflict arises as the different subunits in conflict battle and argue their points of views. The real problem may be relatively minor, but it will turn into a big conflict which become more and more difficult to manage if we didn’t resolve it. It will quickly reach the fourth stage, which is the manifes conflict if the conflict is not resolved. In the manifest conflict stage, one subunits gets back at another subunits by  attempting to thwart its goals. Open aggression between people and groups is common. There are many stories and myths in organizations about board-room fights in which managers come to blows as they seek to promote their interests. Infighthing in the top-management team is very common as managers seek to promote their own careers at the expense of others. Once manifest conflict occur, organizaional effectiveness will suffer because the intefration and coordination between managers and subunits will break down. Managers have to avoid conflict from reaching this stage. If the sources of the conflict was not resoved, it will cause conflict to occur again, but may be in another context. Every stage of conflict leaves a conflict aftermath which affects they way the parties percieve conflict and react to future conflict stages. The aftermath will promote good future working relationships if a conflict is resolved before it gets to the manifest-conflict stage. However, if the conflict wasn’t resolved, the aftermath will be worse future working relationships.

Human Resource Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Human Resource Management - Assignment Example It will gradually evolve into a value adding area for any organization if proper research and education is provided in the field (Plessis et al., 2007, p. 279). Human resource management evolvement, relationship with the organisation and environment, and human resource planning i) The first record of HRM can be traced back to 1780s where the various handymen like carpenters and masons formed an alliance in England to increase their bargaining power and get standard wages for their work. The industrial revolution paved way for set up of huge factories. Various welfare workers who took care of both the men and women workers needs were appointed in the factories. A team led by Elton Mayo carried out the famous Hawthorne studies which serve as a major, pioneering research in HRM during the 1920s. Trade unions started to appear after the Second World War era. Separate departments with a group of people handling various activities related to workers welfare like payroll and grievance handl ing started to appear by the First World War. Contemporary Human Resource Management took its place as prominent department of a company by 1960s (Pravin, 2010). They gained much wider fame and importance in the next two decades as various MNC’s started to appear. (Pravin, 2010) Personnel management is considered as the forerunner of HRM as it involves recruiting, training and firing people. It is often viewed as a tool to organize the manpower in a company rather than a strategic management technique like HRM. Personnel management is different from HRM in the following ways. (Sreenath, 2009) ii) The evolution of any process leaves its mark significantly on the current version of the strategy. HRM as a discipline views people as an asset and its operative functions include procuring employees, developing their skills, providing proper compensation for them, integration, maintenance as well as separation or laying them off. The industrial revolution concepts paved way for a se parate department concerned to labour welfare. Personnel management streamlined the managerial functions of HRM like organizing the hiring process, directing the training and controlling the employees. HRM as a strategy paved way for various researches and well defined techniques to follow in hiring and training huge number of employees. Concepts like Michigan School Framework and Harvard Frame work paved way for smooth flow of employee management in huge MNC's with thousands of workers (Salaman et al., 2005). HRM will facilitate the growth of organizational competencies which will yield competitive advantage over other peers through strategic management of employees (Lado & Wilson, 1994). Companies started to see workers as an asset and harvesting their brain power as their major goal instead of training them to perform monotonous jobs as it was during the industrial revolution era using these frameworks. (Sreenath, 2009) (Sreenath, 2009) Line managers are quite important for TQB a s the concerned branches falls under their direct controls. If the HR department motivates them properly with promised perks in terms of power and money, they will serve as a very positive influence on the workers communicating directly with the customers in the new branches. TQB’s goal to attract potential customers in the new branches will become much easier if the HR manager maintains a good personal relationship with the line managers, heed ears to their personal issues, help them achieve their

Marketing Game Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Game Report - Essay Example Hence the product features were enhanced to meet the needs of these users, by investing highly on research and development. Since Voice X had set its focus on these three target segments, the marketing mix was designed for all the periods with the requirements of these three segments in mind, with minimum variations. The price was not changed for a long time after the second period, in order to provide a value added, feature rich product to the target segments and to overrun the price competition from the other brands (see figure 4). The main strategy followed was to generate high revenue by focussing on the premium segments. As the market share in the other segments were being taken up by competitors, initiatives were taken in the fifth period to focus on distribution in channel 2, so as to capture a part of the student market. Also additional sales resources were put into force in channel 2, to take up the interested market. A part of the rationale for choosing this distribution strategy was that about one-third of the high end consumers shopped through Channel 2. After the decline of sales in the fifth and sixth periods, a focussed strategy was adopted to regain the market share and to reap profits, by targeting the Managerial segment by tailoring the product and the distribution strategies to meet their requirements. High spending behaviour of the managerial segment and their preference for quality of service were the rationale behind this decision. This change in the strategy proved fruitful and Voice X re-positioned itself as a Premium product and gained its market share of sales. This strategy if followed for the next few periods, will put Voice X in a better financial position to start a new low priced product with minimum features to capture the low spending segments and become the market leader for this

External Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

External Resource Management - Essay Example These are some of the points that Silver would want to emphasise to Dr. Spiller. However, these could be hardly understood on Dr. Spiller’s part because he is justifying his points as well. The centralisation procedure may be slow to react to local user’s needs and also may be remote from local user or internal customer. Dr. Spiller may have important specifications of an X-ray processor that he found can only be provided by New Age and he can certainly use this as important justification. On the other hand, in a decentralized purchasing activity, Dr. Spiller can actually enjoy the benefits of addressing the local needs of their department and as user of the newly X-ray processor. Their problems may be easily responded at better quality as well. Regarding this issue, it is therefore clear that Rose Silver is only trying to do its part for the good of the company. Dr. Spiller on the other hand is trying to do its part based on what he believes is right for their patient care. They both have essential points to stand on. However, this would matter depending on the generalised process that should be involved in purchasing activity. The first step is basically sourcing. In this stage, the purchasing department receives requisition and asks or solicits quotations. The next step involves authority and ethics. At this point the purchasing department has to negotiate with suppliers and then place its order. Finally, logistics and payment ensures that the supplies are received and payments are made. Based on the above procedure, Dr. Spiller cannot actually justify his concern with Rose Silver. This is due to the fact that Dr. Spiller’s concerns with their patients are not in line with Silver’s main functions. What is only in line with Dr. Spiller’s concerns with Silver’s role in the company is the issue about receiving requisitions and asking for quotations and supplier’s negotiation. 2. What risks or ethical problems cou ld potentially arise from his approach? In the absence of quotations or requisitions, Dr. Spiller could potentially face problems about dishonesty and untrustworthiness. The main point of having quotations and requisitions is to ensure transparency in the actual purchasing process. This is also to ensure that the right prices and quality standards are obtained. Dr. Spiller needs to understand that when there is money involved, the role of Silver is to provide transparent accounting system in order to justify the actual purchasing experience if it is in line with the organisation’s prevailing purchasing standard. In the absence of this, Dr. Spiller is most likely to be confronted with substantial ethical subjects including fraud as aftermath of the main issues like dishonesty and untrustworthiness. If he would push forward to his stand, Dr. Spiller may potentially be showing disrespect to Silver. Silver is a legitimate authority in the purchasing activity. It is not the concer n of Silver to approve Dr. Spiller’s request because there is a process involved. This process requires that everything should undergo specific approval of an authority. On the other hand, Dr. Spiller does not have much authority involved in the actual purchasing process except however for his specifications and technical know-how of the equipment. However, the final authority of the purchasing process

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Speech - Essay Example The three of you spend the first several minutes discussing what you did over the weekend. You all laugh over the exploits of classmate #1, who spent all night Friday and Saturday at several nightclubs. You and classmate #2 take your work out and place it on the table. Classmate #1 does not have any work completed and explains that with finals and the beginning of a head-cold, there just was not enough time. You get angry and frustrated; after all, you spent all weekend in your dorm working on this project. You look across the table at classmate #1 who is sitting with arms crossed, glaring at you. I want Classmate #1 to understand that he has not been fair, having spent the weekend nights at clubs while I and Classmate #2 had to forego a lot of things just to be able to work on the group project. After all, the project is supposed to be the result of all our efforts. The three of us would be getting equal credit based on the overall quality of the project that we will submit. I will convey my displeasure by knocking some sense into his head. I will not be affected by his defiant stance and I will go ahead to tell him that he has no right to glare at me with his arms crossed for he is the one who has wronged me and Classmate #2. I will talk in a calm but firm manner, and will unflinchingly look at Classmate #1 straight in the eye. This way, I will show him that I am not intimidated by his purported stance. I will further drive home the point that he has to shape up and make up for his lack of output so far by having the biggest share of work to be done before Wednesday. B. Using the example above, describe each component of the Speech Communication Process. a. The speaker is a college student who is enrolled in a speech class. Filled with anger and frustration about the receiver's irresponsible ways, the speaker earnestly tries to make the receiver comprehend the message that he wants to bring across. b. The receiver is one of the speaker's classmates in the speech class. Together with yet another classmate, the three of them formed a group for the completion of a certain project due in class. The receiver is the co-member who seemed to have no intention of contributing anything to their group project. Instead of being apologetic, this receiver takes on a defiant stance when he sees the speaker's reaction to his having done no part of his individual work during the weekend. c. The message is centered on their urgent need to finish their group project before the deadline. It pertains to the prevailing situation of the three-member group. The speaker means to convey the importance of fairness and of getting credit only when deserved. d. The channels include the speaker's initially angry and frustrated reaction, and his calm and firm manners of the speaker. It also covers the clarity of the speaker's message. 2. How can you control you

Macroeconomics Problem Set Speech or Presentation

Macroeconomics Problem Set - Speech or Presentation Example From (b), it is evident that that velocity of money is equal to the nominal interest rate. Velocity will, therefore, grow if interest rate also grows. Hence, if interest rate is a constant velocity is also constant. Velocity will, therefore, grow if interest rate also grows. Money neutrality means that money supply does not affect real variables but only affects the nominal variables. An increase in the money supply will hence have an effect on all prices but not on the real GDP or real prices. Structural unemployment results from structural changes in the economy that makes employees obsolete. It is a lack of the required type of workers; there is a difference between the skills employers are looking for and the available employee’s skills. 3. Researchers at Purdue have collected data on the number of undergraduate Purdue students either involved in a relationship or uninvolved. Among involved students, 10% experience a breakup of their relationship each month. Among uninvolved students, 5% enter into a relationship every month. Illustrate the flow of students between the two states (involved and uninvolved) using a diagram. What is the steady-state fraction of residents who are

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Article Critique - Essay Example In their article, Jehlen and Kopkowski identify two major factors that are driving the push to disband large urban high schools in favor of small schools of less than 400 students. These factors are No Child Left Behind and large grants given by the Bill Gates Foundation. The article presents a brief overview of the positives and negatives of the small high school approach and then examines two sample high schools and presents interviews with the educators in these schools. One major issue the article does not address is the exact reasons that No Child Left Behind and the Bill Gates Foundation are causing such an impact on school reform. The authors mention that No Child Left Behind calls for increasing consequences for schools with lagging achievement and then state that these consequences force the schools to do something, regardless of what that something is but provide no additional details. Also, Jehlen and Kopkowski state that the Gates Foundation provides money to promote the building of smaller schools, but then contradict this information by revealing that the Foundation is no longer in support of smaller schools but is in support of more qualified faculty. A breakdown of the amount of money that the Gates Foundation donates to school districts would help the reader understand the amount of influence the foundation has. In the first of two high schools that are the focus of the article, the authors present Wyandotte High School in Kansas City, Kansas. The school was a large high school with discipline problems ranging from arson to assault. After breaking the school into small learning communities, discipline problems plummeted and test scores rose. Jehlen and Kopkowski interview several teachers who all agree that the reform was positive. The only problem with the analysis is that the authors present such an extreme case. Very few schools deal with arson and assaults on the faculty with any regularity. The teachers working in this school admitted that they did not want to return the next day to teach. With subjects such as these, the study is biased. In such a difficult school, teachers would vastly overestimate the value of any reform that had any positive results. Any reduction in behavioral problems would be lauded by staff and administration. The second high school that Jehlen and Kopkowski focus on is Life Academy in Oakland, California. In Oakland, the school budget is being cut and the school illustrates the negatives of moving to the small school format. The teachers are forced to teach multiple preps, there is very little variety in the curriculum, and there are very few extracurricular activities. The analysis of Life Academy suffers for the same reason as that of Wyandotte High School. Few systems are in the extreme budget crunch of Oakland, and teachers who are in underfunded schools are more likely to report negatives of any reform. So, it is unsurprising that the interviews that Jehlen and Kopkowski conducted at Li fe Academy were primarily pessimistic. Overall, I believe that the current idea in school reform is a move forward in technology. School districts are still attempting to create smaller schools, but the push is for online education. Smaller schools cost more in resources, personnel, and other factors. Online education is much cheaper and requires fewer resources than smaller schools. Since districts are now concerned with saving money, the current school reform is online

Difference in the Leadership Styles Between Japan and America Essay

Difference in the Leadership Styles Between Japan and America - Essay Example If they are paying for the product, they want to ensure that the quality is worth it. Roudan Al-Roudan discussed Levitt’s prediction and most of the class disagreed with his ideas. Each of the topics was discussed after doing substantial research with the help online sources as well as books and journals. Let us now look into their topic individually for a better understanding. Yousef Al-Awadhi started this topic with the idea that there is no clear definition of leadership in particular. It is unpredictable and considered to be very diverse and each of the different forms has very distinctive definitions (Achua and Lussier, 2000). Leadership is determined with the help of various attributes such as quality, effectiveness, behavior, connection designs and of course the position of the leaders (Yukl, 1998). In most of the cases, a leader can simply be defined as a person who guides his or her subordinates towards a particular pre-defined objective for the welfare of an organization. Likewise, there are various definitions and each of them is different to one another in terms of the leadership styles and recognition. Researchers have used many methods to determine each of these leadership styles and their outcome in the long run (Yukl, 1998). There are many studies which discuss the link between leadership styles and culture. In a similar manner, the researchers found out that leadership styles vary from culture to culture (Han et al., 1996). He then went on the take the example of two countries, Japan and USA. Both of the countries have distinctively different leadership styles and culture. The earlier researches done by several writers gives us the idea that leadership styles also differ with respect to the organization and its religious differences.

The Reason of Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

The Reason of Enlightenment Essay Society today is in a paradox. Everything is infected with sameness and repetition. Every sensual experience of the individual is subjected to standardization. Acceptance is the key in success as the capitalist mode of production continually influences behaviour of the individual as well as society as a whole. The capitalist mode of production becomes a powerful tool in manipulating the masses as well as affecting the creative process of human consciousness. What matters for most cultural industries is not the creativity of products or mere understanding but rather a passive acceptance and monetary return. Society is the subject of the industry as it continually addresses the consumer’s concerns rather than society dictating the flow of the industry. Because of the industry’s ‘customized’ goods, society has no room for imagination, creativity, and understanding since these products already fit the ideal description. The culture industry also delimits the aesthetic aspect of human nature as the arts are also subjected to production and return of profit. The essence of art and creativity is lost and also become mere products of the industry. In Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer’s Dialectics of Enlightenment, the thinkers present a Social Critical Theory of the contemporary society and the adverse ideologies brought about by science, empiricism, and reason, all of which are products of the age of enlightenment. The Development of Critical Theory It is essential to mention the development of Social Critical Theory in lieu of the viewpoint that Adorno and Horkheimer used in their attempt to criticise the false notions brought about by the change in culture and the industry. Social Critical Theory has its roots from the Marxist ideologies that openly criticises the capitalism ideology (Ray 1993: ix). Marxism suggests that there is an imbalance with the structural social class as it is marginally separated by two polar opposites in society: the abusive bourgeoisie, and the proletariat or the working class. Marxist doctrine states that man’s essence is himself, and labour, which is the power to create, is merely an extension. At the presence of labour and society, man becomes a necessity or a commodity. If a poor man who has no material wealth, becomes a mere commodity at the presence of labour and exchanges the only thing he has – his essence. Man becomes for sale, while the rich get richer as they continue to capitalize on the plight of the poor man’s essence. From the Marxist doctrines, this social theory eventually separated into two – the revisionist and orthodox Marxist ideologies which retain the ideals of Marxism but differ in method. Marxist revisionist proposes a bloody revolution for the complete eradication of social classes (Ray 1992). Critical theory attempts to dig deeper into other existing binaries of ideologies and subvert them in such a way that the meta-narratives becomes petite. The rise of the Frankfurt school slightly deviated from the idea of criticising social norms but instead focused on the idea of the Enlightenment which paved the way for the development of science and technology. Frankfurt school thinkers such as Adorno and Horkheimer tackled the idea of the Enlightenment as a false notion in the development of society. The Frankfurt school of thought argues that essence and originality are lost as consumers are placidly fed with the same objects that satisfy them temporarily. The mass-produced products and ideas are transforming society into technocracy and docility – that society’s happiness is based on mass happiness rather than individual and subjective satisfaction. Science and technology ultimately enshrines efficiency and affectivity that dominate political governance so that we see a society ruled by technocrats. The industry forms culture rather than culture forming the industry. Critical Theory plays a significant part on the idea of how society aims to live life everyday. Critical theory also provides an opportunity to criticise fallacious social norms and allows the chance for discourse (Ray 1992). Adorno and Horkheimer In view of Adorno and Horkheimer’s The Dialectics of Enlightenment, the authors offer a clear and definitive implication of the 18th century Enlightenment movement and how it suppressed society in terms of ideologies and production. Enlightenment is understood as the advance of thought that aims to liberate human beings from â€Å"fear and installing them as Masters† (Adorno 1997: 1). This concept also shares similar ideas with Immanuel Kant’s summation of the Enlightenment during the 18th century. â€Å"Dare to Think! † was the banner of reason during those time (Ray 1992: 5). Reason should be used in order to individuate man, to dispel myth, to rid of fear of intellectual docility, and to provide the ability to know. Reason became the main weapon for this intellectual movement, as it attempted to break away from the mystical, dogmatic, and mythological foundations of knowledge. Adorno argues that the Enlightenment’s program was â€Å"to dispel myths, to overthrow fantasy with knowledge† (1997: 1). The formation of reason was a complete deviation from the rebirth of philosophical explorations of the Renaissance, which gave emphasis on the use of classical philosophy from Plato, Aristotle, and such. Enlightenment and reason were the foremost tenets of the movement and arguably countered the use of myth and mysticism as the basis of human knowledge. Reason led to the development of empiricism and science, the systematized thought of acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation and synthesis. Knowledge, acquired through such methods, establishes man as the master of nature. However, Adorno states that this knowledge is abused by man himself as â€Å"knowledge, which is power, knows no limits, either in its enslavement of creation or in its deference to worldly masters† (1997: 2). Technology is the essence of such knowledge as it aims to manipulate concept into method and exploitation. To Adorno, technology does not provide concepts, ideas, or the simple joy of understanding, but rather suppresses the individual to docility. Further, Adorno explains the nature of Enlightenment as a movement dispelling the myths of old. As observed from the pre-Platonic and classical philosophers themselves, they were the ones who pioneered the use of reason or logos as the truthful method of acquiring knowledge rather than basing on mythological narration. As the development of reason became the foundation of science, man discarded meaning to be replaced by formula, causal rules, and probability. The obsession on the use of empirical basis as a method of acquiring universal truths led to the false formation of an industry that not only caters to the need of its consumers but also subjects them into docile and content buyers that guarantee success through monetary return (Ray 1992). The Culture industry, in essence, is the product of the false notion of Enlightenment and reason. Everything has to be proven in order to be verifiable and accepted. Laws, beliefs, and thinking are systematized; they are now bound to the governing laws of reason and empirical knowledge. Though the movement still has its positive effects on development, and the start of a radical change in thinking has definitely brought about breakthroughs in modern science and technology, it also has an adverse effect on society. Adorno suggests: â€Å"For culture now impresses the same stamp on everything† (1997: 120). This widespread movement also relates to the culture industry, where everything loses its individuality for the sake of standardization and acceptance in return for economic benefits of the industry. The whole world is passed through the filter of the culture industry. Everything is affected by such change. The formation of the industry in our context has becoming the mould in which culture is formed and trimmed. Things that had once an aesthetic value lose their real sheen and become mere cliches. Today, our actions fall under what we know as popular and will serve the general purpose of the culture industry: mass producing in order for the economy to function properly (Adorno, 1992: 8). The standardization of things that are produced in order to serve the general interest of the public is quite ironic. The public, which is supposed to be the providers in the economy, become the subjects of the industry itself. In turn, the industry is the big shot boss that makes use of every need of the employee in order to bloom. Society is then the false blood that gives life to the industry, which continues to exploit every aspect of our need, in order to grow and develop an unbreakable barrier in which our supposed-to-be powerful freedom may never break. By continuing to patronize what the industry keeps on producing, it then forms consciousness of popularity — the general idea that the mass accepts. â€Å"It is claimed that standards were based in the first place on consumer’s needs, and for that reason were accepted with so little resistance† (Adorno 1997: 100). The cycle continuous; from fashion trends, food, lifestyle, music, and the arts, these modes of expressions has fallen to this false notion of culture. It loses its identity to become a standard among the people that once used to uphold its individual essence. â€Å"The familiar experience of the moviegoer, who perceives the street outside as a continuation of the film he has just left, because the film seeks strictly to reproduce the world of everyday perception has become the guideline for production† (Adorno 1997: 99). What the people want to see is the continuation of the reality he lives in but only decreased to a lighter note as a means of escape from the hustle and bustle of the corporate world. Entertainment has become a means of escape. The only escape from the work process in the factory and office is through entertainment. Amusement then becomes boring, since to be amusing, it must cost no effort to think. The spectator must need no thoughts of his own. Amusement is then a mindless reel of farce that acts as a distraction from reality. It has no real meaning because the spectator does not need meaning in order to be distracted from the pressure of everyday work (Adorno 1997: ). The same goes with films. â€Å"Film denies its audience any dimension in which the mind might roam freely in imagination† (Adorno 1997: 100). Movies present an alternate reality as a means of escape from the business of the industry. Man, tired from work, resorts to amusement and film to produce a necessitated concept of another reality. That it presents the ideal world inside the theatre and the moviegoer is presented with reality after the film is finished. Thus, films in our context today serve as a basis of lifestyle. From the alternate reality presented by the movies, human behaviour is influenced through an unconscious effort of influence. The industry, apart from the standardized goods and ideologies, also feed the only retribution of man from the pressure of material capitalism. Ideas and concepts are also manipulated to standardization. Thus, placidity is not also applied in the individual’s actions but also to the natural system of consciousness and thought. The ultimate purpose then is for benefit and popularity rather than the art of making a movie. That is why the formation of indie (independent) films attempts to break from such typical notions of Hollywood movies in order to preserve the real essence of movie-making. However, in comparison to major blockbuster films, indie films never achieved the same level of popularity and income even though the indie directors and producers never intended for their movie to be even recognized. That is because such actions are against what is generally accepted and popular. The Madness of Music As a student of music himself, Adorno characterizes the notions brought about the effect of the culture industry with regard the arts, especially on music. He characterizes popular music from serious music. Music is defined as the arrangement and accordance to its form and arrangement. To Adorno, classical music is considered as serious music, for it strictly follows the laws from which they are based and made. The rigidity in the discipline makes the composition itself bound to the parameters of perfection; hence, music is a masterpiece. It follows time signature, tempo, harmony, tone construction, etc. that when such composition is first heard, it is appreciated as a whole and even more appreciated when the parts are examined specifically. On the other hand, the distinction between serious music and popular music lies within its formative structure. Popular music, based on the culture industry’s precepts, capitalizes on standardization. Pop music is predictable upon close observation. Its predictability lies with its musical structure. At first, it may fool the listener of its catchy and creative theme, but, contrary to serious music when parts are examined specifically, its harmonics are built on simple and almost simplistic tone structure that it cannot be left alone without the other. The essence of the music is lost as it lacks the qualities of a ‘serious’ music that may have otherwise refined its colour (Adorno 1997: 104). In our present context, the rise of the music industry has become the ambition for most music artists today. Songs are composed in order to gain widespread popularity, especially among the youth. If we are to look closely at each band’s composition and harmony of their songs, it has rather simple arrangement of chords and repetition of melody from the start up until the beginning. The flimsy form of the music is compensated by the loud execution and performance of their songs and electrifying guitar solos in order to cover up the repetition. It lacks creativity and limits the music to only a few chords. Plus, such simplicity is also the key of some rock bands of not ‘making it’ or not enduring an imprint of legacy from their music. They only enjoy a brief period of popularity that does not leave a lasting impression on the target audience they wish to capture. Standardization extends from the most general features to the most specific ones. Pop music is refined to suit the untrained ear of the masses. It is also mass-produced in order for the artist and the recording company to achieve its benefits. In order for people to like it, music is arranged which is appealing to the public, for music, the same with art, cannot be reproduced without any guarantee of economic remuneration. Novelty and creative are not emphasized since novelty cannot be applied to what is already standard and generally accepted by the people. It is also a form of entertainment and escape; simplified and catchy so as to serve a distraction rather than stimulating oneself in Symphonies or Sonatas (Adorno 1997: 101). Ultimately, for Adorno, the main point of the critique is focused on the development of the individual’s creative tendencies – especially on the arts. According to Witkin, Adorno did not give a blatant connotation that to appreciate art means sophistication in the individual’s part but rather the use of the arts as perpetuated in the industry. â€Å"However, it was not skill or talent that mattered to him, here, but the interests it served and the use to which it was put† (Witkin 2003: 2). As the age of Enlightenment ushered in the development of science, the process of acquiring knowledge developed from a mystical and contextual approach to an empirical and experiential process. Ironically, enlightenment meant that the individual is self-aware of his or her own actions and liberated of fear from the human consciousness. However, as science led the way to the development of newer systems of thought, it produced the development of media (film, music, print) that became ‘standard’ products of consumption. To Adorno and Horkheimer, society becomes placid consumers to these forms; music becomes ‘popular’ and depends on record-breaking sales in order to sell. Films present an alternative to reality, distracting the individual from the bustle of the industry as a means of escape, and print/visual media becomes accessible to all. What the culture industry produces consequently influences behaviour. Standardization in the culture industry meant that the process of invention and innovation is in lieu with the needs of society. What society wants, the industry produces. Freedom, according to the Dialectics of Enlightenment, is sacrificed, as consumers are ‘tamed’ into cooperation. Thus, the industry thrives on income and profit, without any thought or conscience. For the industry, it does not matter for the products to be morally or ethically acceptable as long as the consumer accepts it and benefits the industry in turn. Contemporary Critique The pioneering efforts of Adorno and Horkheimer in the critique of the culture industry gave rise to the formation of contemporary theories on the said subject. On the subject of the culture industry’s critique, David Hesmondhalgh provides a technical explanation of the processes the culture industry undergoes. His arguments retain the critique presented by Adorno but focus more on the shift changes and patterns of continuity in the cultural industries. Hesmondhalgh presents a different viewpoint on Adorno’s subject, as he attempts to bridge the cultural industry as a main distributor of information as well as an unconscious influence over society. Today, cultural industries have changed radically. â€Å"The largest companies no longer specialise in a particular cultural industry such as film, publishing, television, or recording; they now operate across a number of different cultural industries† (Hesmondhalgh 2002: 1). The scope of the cultural industry is not anymore specified into one criterion of the arts; rather, through the development of technology and information systems, the industry now focuses on print, media, and information through the internet, publications, etc. However, contrary to Adorno’s viewpoint, the cultural industries and the goods that it produces, according Hesmondhalgh, are â€Å"complex, ambivalent, and contested† (2002: 3). He argues that the text and information disseminated by the industry do not adhere to the doctrine of capitalism or structured domination. In addition, Hesmondhalgh also differs from the arguments presented by Adorno that the culture industry subjects consumers into passivity, wherein there is no room for the imagination to play. Adorno gives importance to the deeper aesthetic appreciation of art, which he differentiated into ‘serious’ and ‘popular’. For Hesmondhalgh however, there is still creativity in the cultural industry: â€Å"The invention and/or performances of stories, songs, images, poems, jokes, and so on, in no matter what technological form, involves a particular type of creativity – the manipulation of symbols for the purposes of entertainment, information and perhaps even, enlightenment† (2002: 4). Further, he separates art into symbolic creativity and artists into symbol creators and these different kinds of artists reflect the extremities of society in which they live in (2002: 4) Paradoxical Ideology In the Dialectics of Enlightenment, society has this unanswered and unnoticed threat growing in the background. The industry and the generally ‘popular’ things are becoming the basis of everyday life. Adorno and Horkheimer suggest that popular culture is like a â€Å"factory producing standardized cultural goods to manipulate the masses into passivity; the easy pleasures available through consumption of popular culture make people docile and content, no matter how difficult their economic circumstances† (Adorno 1997: n. p. ). The different viewpoints presented by contemporary thinkers support the arguments presented by Adorno, contradict them, or simply expound the different ideologies and applying it into a more modern perspective. Hesmondhalgh especially notes the cultural industry’s motivation in cultivating imagination and creativity for there is still creativity through innovation of new ideas and symbols even though they ultimately influence society in the end. However, the main idea still exists — that the culture industry is a by-product of the Enlightenment and the capitalist mode of production. Hesmondhalgh’s arguments still present the ideas of capitalist multinational corporations that manipulate symbols in order to disseminate such into society. His use of the term ‘symbols’, instead of ‘art’, necessarily perpetuates his notion on manipulation of ideas. Art is essentially the expression of human nature, but in the culture industry, essence does not exist. Thus, Hesmondhalgh’s arguments necessarily imply that symbolism is still creativity, although on a much lower scale. Capitalist companies, especially in modern scenarios, not only manipulate art but also communication and the media. For Hesmondhalgh, the control of the cultural industries over text and information are more pronounced than ever (2002: 7) Thus, the cultural industry’s shift change of scope has greatly differed from Adorno’s time, yet still maintains the capitalist coercive nature. What remains is that society’s needs are still catered by the culture industry. Furthermore, it is claimed that standards produced by the culture industry are based on consumers needs, and that is why accepted with little or no resistance at all. â€Å"The result is the circle of manipulation and retroactive need in which the unity of the system grows ever stronger. No mention is made of the fact that the basis on which technology acquires power over society is the power of those whose economic holds over society is greatest. A technological rationale is the rationale of domination itself. It is the coercive nature of society alienated from itself† (Adorno 1997: 121). The capitalist structure still maintains its firm hold over society as it influences behaviour through catering specific needs of its consumers while transcending a different level of consumerism. The essence of human expression is lost through standardization of art, music, film, and such. Society becomes docile, leaving no room for imagination, and the culture industry grows because of this ignorance. References Adorno, T. and Horkheimer, M. (1997) Dialectic of Enlightenment. London: Verso. Curran, J. (1979) Mass Communication and Society. Beverly Hills, California: Sage. Garnham, N. (1990) Capitalism and Communication: Global Culture and the Economics of Information. London: Sage Publications Garnham, N. (2000) Emancipation, the Media, and Modernity: Arguments About the Media and Social Theory Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hesmondhalgh, D. (2002) The Cultural Industries London: Sage. Martin-Barbero, J. (1993) Communication, Culture and Hegemony: From the Media to Mediations. London: SAGE Publications. McGuigan, J. (1996) Culture and the Public Sphere. London: Routledge. Miege, B. (1989) The Capitalization of Cultural Production. New York: International. Ray, L. (1993). Rethinking Critical Theory : Emancipation in the Age of Global Social Movements. London: Sage. Witkin, R. (2003) Adorno on Popular Culture. London: Routledge.