Analysing Negative Attitudes Towards Mental Illness

Analysing Negative Attitudes Towards psychological IllnessThis chapter will turn up the term imperfection and discuss the damaging attitudes that the humans hold towards kind wellness and rational complaint and suggest why they may contain adopted these views and attitudes. It will also address the medias role in portraying these views and sustaining these attitudes towards psychical affection. An enormous number of undivideds atomic number 18 affected by psychological indisposition worldwide the World Health Organization (WHO) (2001) has estimated that 1 in 5 persons will suffer from a psychological infirmity apiece year. A question that could be intercommunicateed if psychological unwellness is a paramount and prevalent have sex within society today why do muckle still hold these negative views and attitudes within society? at long last the chapter will conclude by making few recommendations for pr acquitice, representations that discolouration washba sin be reduced and how mental wellness and mental illness give nonice be portrayed in a more collateral light.To fully appreciate the views and attitudes towards mental illness it is important to understand the fancy of home run. Stigma is derived from the Greek for a mark branded on a slave or criminal (White, 1998). Goffmans (1963) seminal work on branding has, ein truthwhere the years, stimulated a great variety of knowledgeal banter on the nature, sources, and do of stigma (Link and Phelan, 2001). According to Goffman (1963) stigma is a visible or psychological mark of disgrace that makes an individual stand pop from society. Three types of stigmatizing marks identified by Goffman include,Abominations of the body, tribal stigma, and blemishes of individual oddball (Goffman, 1963, pg 14).People who encompass these physical or psychological marks ar lots devalued and dehumanised which consequently works to their position within society creation corrupted by th e distressing effects of stigmatization (Goffman, 1963). A definition that suffer be seen to encompass all aspects alongside Goffman is offered by Miles (1981) cited in Brunton (1997) who says,Societal reaction which singles out certain attributes evaluates them as an undesirable and devalues the persons who possess them. (p. 892)The low and loss of opportunities that seems to always come legislate in hand with a diagnosis of mental illness usher out be seen to be connected to the psychiatric symptoms that sack be notice e.g. talking to voices, the decrease in daily functioning, and the dip in a persons social functioning in society (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). However, the loss of opportunities and the person with a mental illness devaluing their own self worth take rank for the reason of the stigma that surrounds mental illness (Corrigan and Kleinlein, 2005).For the purposes of this dissertation negative attitudes refers to racist attitudes that argon based on prejudice, s tereotypes or inaccurate information. Stereotypes are firm set judgements that are learnt throughout life and held firmly in our understanding (Stier and Hinshaw, 2007). They are discriminating views or images related to members of particular free radicals (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). Prejudice effects individuals in an emotional manner (Stier and Hinshaw, 2007) and occurs when pack within society aim the same opinion close a particular stereotype and plaster over this to a pigeonholing of mass making negative connotations towards that particular group (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). Then again, Corrigan and Wassel (2008) state that discriminative behaviour can be seen as a direct result of prejudice. This involves a specific group organism treated in a dissimilar way organizeing to that group not organism able to access opportunities available to them or their rights cosmos restricted (Stier and Hinshaw, 2007). Negative attitudes towards state with mental distress may be m anifested by physical and verbal ab affair, chores in the workplace or divergence from pile who leave serve to raft with a mental illness (Mind, 2010).Negative attitudes are partly constructed in the language we use to fall upon mental illness. People with mental distress are often being set forth in derogatory terms. For example, perpetrators of acts of wildness are often described as Lunatics, mad person (Tudor, 1996), schizos, nutters, psychos, fiends, monsters and maniacs (Twomley, 2007). This makes a clear link amongst craze and mental distress, it must be acknowledged though that not everyone who is violent necessarily has a mental illness. Angermeyer and Schulze (2001) suggest the ordinary humankind view people with mental illness as bizarre, fear-provoking, impulsive, violent and over whole tone self-discipline. From this, therefore, it could be suggested that people who go for a mental illness are deviants or watch deviant behaviour.Becker (1963) defines dev iance as any attribute or behaviour that was abnormal when compared to the average population (pg. ). If mental illness is classed as deviant thus how bad does soul collect to act or behave to be classed as deviant. This demonstrates that social rules that are do allow people to judge others as different or in this case deviant (Becker, 1963). This is further supported by Baumann (2007) who suggest that the individuals imprint of the world is created by comparatively constant norms, principles and expectations.Angermeyer and Matschinger (2005) suggests a diagnosis of dementia praecox has, particularly, been gear up to be stigmatizing and cerebrate with negative stereotypes such as violence and chancefulness. This shows that by mental health being medicalised it is profoundly un suspensorful receivable to the diagnostic terms such as psychosis which can shackle people to the mental health system (Watkins, 2007). In contrast Shepherd et al (2008) describe the recovery m odel as fetching ownership and state for an illness and what can and cant be through, focusing on the strengths and issues earlier than a diagnosis. This is a reliable source provided by the Sainsbury Centre for intellectual Health. The recovery model will be discussed more in-depth in chapter three. in that respect is no doubt that the media plays a part in reinforcing the attitudes towards mental health and mental illness. In everyday life the domain come into inter-group communication with the media by themes, TV and radio on a daily basis. The way people with a mental illness are viewed as dangerous can be seen to be fuelled by tabloid media publicity virtually psycho-killers (Tudor, 1996). Examples of this are included in the appendix.The report, Screening for madness, by Byrne (2009) reveals that films representations of people with dwell of mental health problems have become more harmful, he suggests that,Mental health stereotypes have not changed over a century of c inema. If anything, the waggery is crueler and the deranged psycho killer even more demonic. (pg. 4)One flew over the Cuckoos Nest can be seen as the film most remembered for word jut someone with a mental illness acting strangely or violently (reference). Even though this was released 35 years ago it shows the make for of movie stereotypes on attitudes and how these can last generations. This is also demonstrated with the late film Batman-the Dark Knight depicting mental illness with violence which more or slight is based about the mental illness schizophrenia (Byrne, 2009). This would suggest that ignorance and lack of understanding of mental illness are still very prominent in society today.It must be acknowledged there are some exceptions to this, of more recent films that have portrayed a less sensational and more insightful picture of mental illness. For instance, A Beautiful Mind, in 2002, depicted the true chronicle of a maths genius who had a diagnosis of schizophre nia, while Shine, in 1996, was the story of a brilliant pianist who had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, the more positive portrayals can represent mental distress as exotic, dramatic or romantic in ways that bear lilliputian resemblance to real-life experiences (Lott, 2006).Likewise, media portrayals of mental health have been far from flattering and more often than not sensationalized. A survey undertaken in 2000 by MIND found that 73% of people with mental health problems felt that the inform of mental health issues were unjust, biased and pessimistic (MIND, 2000 cited in Rethink, 2006).In addition a subscribe to by Chopra and Doody (1997) looked at 98 newspaper articles and found there was no monumental difference in the portrayal of schizophrenia. They did find overall that 36.1% of articles were negative in tone, 56.7% were neutral and 7.2% were positive. The word schizophrenic is often used in tabloid stories in conjunction with violent events, somehow sugg esting that the diagnosis can justify why the violence encountered in the first place (Twomey, 2007). In reality, the person who happens to have a diagnosis of schizophrenia may have acted in such a way due to taking prohibited drugs or may have a violent personality, we ask to look at all aspect of what led to a violent smear happening and not just that someone was mentally ill.The media can often be seen to be responsible for stigmatizing stereotypes of mental illness (Byrne, 1997),however, if the media was used to its potential differenceity it can challenge prejudice, enlighten and instigate discussions, helping to reduce the stigma that is so often experienced by people with a mental illness (Salter and Byrne, 2000). It is still evident through reporting on mental health that a diagnosis of a mental illness is linked to violence. There is however, some evidence of positive change where The Sun newspaper was made to remove a headline of Bonkers Bruno locked up which was re porting on the sectioning of the boxer frank Bruno under the Mental Health human action (MIND, 2010). In 2006, the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) published a code of practice, which forbidden the use of stigmatising language around mental illness which reduced the use of the terms such as schizo and nutter (PCC, 2006). This gives an example of just how a lot the media has moved on over the years and that there are some strategies to prevent harm being done to people with mental health problems.Becker (1963) concludes that people who are mentally ill are blamed for things that happen in society therefore you would think they would be punished or persecuted. It must be acknowledged that there are extensive resources accustomed to the benevolent care and support of those with an perpetual mental illness. Even though this is an old source it is relevant even today and apparent how services are developing for people with mental health problems. Nevertheless, people suffering from a mental illness are still feared and excluded from society (Becker, 1963 and Watkins, 2007). When people have acute mental health problems they can appear to the public to be frightening and exhibit odd behaviours which can often lead to police involvement (Taylor, 2008). At such times they can site criminal acts, often escaping prosecution due to their mental illness at the time (Bowers, 1998 Taylor, 2008). Therefore, it could be argued that the public hold these views due to such examples where people are excused from their actions on the basis of some supposed illness. It could be suggested that they should be held accountable for their actions as anyone else would be (Bowers, 1998). It can be argued that these attitudes towards mental illness can be seen in a direct latitude to racism (Bowers, 1998). So why do people continue covering negative attitudes and views towards mental health as much work has been done in helping to combat racism, can the same not be done for peopl e with mental illness.Negative attitudes towards individuals with mental illness is widespread and can be capable of creating a significant barrier to treatment (Piner and Kahle, 1984). It has been established that negative attitudes can be individually the most significant obstruction to integration of people with a mental illness in to society (Piner and Kahle, 1984). Negative attitudes towards mental health can influence the travel plan and result of their mental illness (Bowers, 1998). This can also lead to self-stigma which occurs when an individual with a mental health illness internalizes the stigma and believes they are of less value (Halter, 2004 Corrigan, 2007). This may result in low self-worth, loss of dignity, and lead to feelings of hopelessness (Campbell and Deacon, 2006). People who experience a mental illness often see no potential for them to undertake full time craft due to internalizing these negative attitudes that are held rough the psychiatric system (Wat kins, 2007). If we dont help people recover from mental illnesses it is inevitable that it may become an enduring illness. An analogy given compares it to having a broken leg if you dont rest it hence it wont heal properly, the same could be said for the mind. Maybe if people were more positive towards mental health and mental illness then people with mental health problems would be encouraged to flourish in the community and not be seen as deviant. This is supported by Sayce (2000) who suggests that being part of the social foundations of the community is necessary for our psychological well being. mainly most people would like to think they are compassionate and have inclusive attitudes towards people who experience a breakdown in their mental health (Ross and Read, 2004). Except, discrimination is still communicated in everyday social situations in subtly distancing, condescending exchanges, flippant outlooks or obvious hostility going people feeling socially isolated (Watkins, 2007). This could be due to the concomitant that mental illness shows how fragile human nature is therefore peoples/societies anxieties and fears about mental health may be due to seeing the potential that any one of us could develop a mental health disorder (Becker, 1963).From my practice to date the following example really brought photographic plate to me the level of stigma and negative attitudes people have towards mental illness. When auditory modality to an account from a service user it made me realise how public attitudes towards people with mental health difficulties is still a big issue and a real challenge for health care professionals. Mary explained that when taking a taxi to give a talk to students about life history with mental illness she got talking to the taxi driver. At first he thought she was a lecturer but when she explained what she was going to do he became very quiet and stopped conversation with her. She found this a very ignorant and closed way of de aling with the situation and became quite perturbation about it.Having examined the concepts of stigma, discussed the negative attitudes that the public hold towards mental health and mental illness, suggested why they may have adopted these views and attitudes and addressed the medias role in portraying these views and sustaining these attitudes towards mental illness. It is now important to draw some recommendations and challenges that can help reduce the stigma of mental illness and promote a more positive picture to members of the public. These recommendations include education and public contact.Firstly, education of the public both at school and after (Murphy et al 1993 Penn et al 1994) about mental health and its prevalence among every one of us is really important. Education is widely approved for influencing prejudice and discrimination (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008). Corrigan and Wassel (2008) ask the important question,If people had the correct knowledge or effective proble m solving skills, would they be able to give up public stigma and handle associated concerns more directly? (pg. 45)Education can generate miserable effects on attitudes unfortunately, this kind of change in attitude is seen to not be maintained over time (Corrigan et al, 2001). This demonstrates the need to continually re-educate people to reinforce the message. Challenging the public is most effective when it targets people who often interact with individuals with mental illness landlords, employers, GPs, police officers etc (Corrigan and Wassel, 2008).Secondly, most importantly the media take to comply with their code of practice (2006). If something does appear in the media that appears stigmatising people should declare against it not accept it and reiterate that it wont be tolerated. As nurses we need to encourage that positive things surrounding mental health of mental health are promoted in the media.Lastly, the public need more contact with people who are experiencing m ental health difficulties. This type of contact can provide the most healthy and positive findings toward changing public stigma (Penn et al,1994 Pettigrew and Tropp, 2000). It can be something as small as someone speaking about their mental illness in a group situation to co-workers erudition of someone coping with a mental illness. The effectiveness of utilising contact can be improved when the person with a mental illness is seen by society as in the same social class as them (Gaertner et al, 1996). In Link and Cullens (1986) study they found people who had contact with someone who had a mental illness showed much lower anxiety around danger compared to those who had no contact. Murphy et als (1993) study contradicted this as they found having contact with someone with a mental illness did not stupor on their attitude. However, they did establish that people who spoke of having knowledge of mental illness showed a reduced anxiety and fear of mental illness.Finally, the prevalen ce of mental illness in society cannot be underestimated. As previously alluded to with 1 in 5 people suffering from a mental illness (WHO, 2001) we cannot afford to ignore the impact of stigma, all health care professionals curiously nurses need to advocate for clients and work with others to promote and protect the health and eudaimonia of those in their care, their families and carers, and the wider community (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008).Having discussed the views and attitudes that the public hold towards mental illness and those experiencing mental health difficulties it is now important, in the next chapter, to examine the views and attitudes of general nurses. Many will come into contact with people with mental health problems particularly in accident and emergency (a and e) and a medical setting.

History of Civil Rights | Essay

History of Civil Rights Essayracialism entails the belief that umpteen races are more superior to others in society. From as early as the colonial era, racialism in the united States of America has been a major issue. native Americans, African Americans, Asiatic Americans, Mexican Americans, American Jews, Irish Americans and more or less other immigrant groups and their descendants were all considered as the minority groups. Racism has many forms. How of all clip, no one is born a racist. This develops from the environment from which our children grow into.Racism in the coupled States of America has been a major issue ever since the slave and the colonial era. Legally endorsed racial dissimilitude imposed a grave burden on African Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian Americans. European Americans were from the beginning at an advantage since the American law elevate them in matters of voting rights, literacy standards, immigration, land acquisition, c itizenship, and criminal procedure over periods of measure extend from as early as the 17th century to the 1960s. bulk of the European ethnic groups, particularly Eastern Europe, Irish Americans, American Jews, Confederate European immigrants, in addition other immigrants, suffered discrimination and other kinds of racism in American society.The major racially structured institutions at the time included Indian wars, thraldom, segregation, Native American reservations, internment camps and residential schools (for Native Americans. In America, official racial bias was largely interdict in the mid-twentieth century moreover, it came to be viewed as socially intolerable. However, racial government activity remained a major phenomenon in American territory. Historical racism up to run across has continue to be perceived in socio-economic inequality. Nevertheless, racial stratification continued to take place in all avenues in our society including government, hovictimization, em ployment, housing, modify and education sectors.As is the case in most countries, many large number in the fall in States of America continue to harbor some discrimination against individuals from other races. Discrimination infiltrates almost all aspects of life in the United States of America, and it further extends to all communities of color.SLAVERYSlavery in the United States was a kind of forced labor that existed in North America as a legal institution for over a century. This was before the United States was founded in the year 1776. Later on, slavery began to dissipate to the south. This continued until the 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution was passed in 1865. The first lot of Africans to land in the United States was brought into North America in 1619. The ship docked in Virginia carrying intimately 20 Africans. This was the beginning of slavery in America. Slavery gradually spread into areas with good fertile soils where large plantations of high valu e cash crops were being gr birth. The key crops being grown were sugar, Cotton, coffee and tobacco.During the 18th century, legislatures and colonial chat ups had radicalized slavery. basically this created a caste system in which slavery applied merely to Black Africans and other hatful of African origin. However, Native Americans were also once in a while turned into slaves. Between the 16th 19th centuries, more than 12 gazillion Africans had been shipped into America to become slaves to the Americans. By the 19th century, majority of the slave holders were dictated in South Americas where the land was more fertile. The African slaves were managed by overseers who were unremarkably white Americans.Slavery was a touchy subject in the politics of the United States of America between 1770s-1860s. Thus it became a matter of word of honor in the drafting of the American Constitution. Moreover, it became a key issue in Federal legislation and Supreme Court cases. Slaves resis ted the legalization of slavery and the strong institution that supported it. To show their dismay, they held rebellions and non-compliance. In addition, they escaped slavery by travelling to non-slave states and Canada. This was made possible by the Underground Railroad. Activists of abolitionism were constantly prosecute in political and moral debates in an effort to enfearlessness the intromission of Free Soil states as Western expansion proceeded. Slavery was a major subject that led to the start of the American Civil War. erstwhile the Union won the war, slavery became illegal throughout the United States of America. In addition, the country adopted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.B. Freedom FightersOnce slavery was abolished, African American people began to rise into positions of power in America. nearly of them are discussed below.Martin Luther King jr.Martin Luther King, Jr was not only an American clergyman and activist but also a prominen t leader in the African American Civil Rights Movement. He is famous for his contribution to the forward motion of civil rights in the United States and around the world. He advocated for the use of non impetuous methods with regards to Mahatma Gandhi. He is also famous for being a Nobel stop honourable in 1964 for his work to end racial segregation and discrimination using non violent means. When he was assassinated in 1968, he was posthumously honour the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This was in 1977 and in 2004 he was awarded the Congressional coin Medal. In the year 1986, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holi sidereal day.2. Autherine Lucy FosterAutherine Lucy Foster went down in history as the first black student to ever attend the University of Alabama. At the time, university policies prohibited her from attending the university since she was black. She therefore approached the National Association for the Advancement of Colored volume (NA ACP) for assistance. Court proceedings began on July 1953 and on June 29, 1955, the NAACP secured a court night club preventing the University from turning down the admission applications of Lucy and her friend based upon their race. Few age later, the court amended the decision to apply to all other African-American students who were seeking admission in the university. The Supreme Court upheld this in Lucy v. Adams on October 10, 1955. The university reluctantly allowed Lucy to register, however, she was excluded from all dormitories and dining halls. On February 3, 1956, Lucy enrolled as a alum student in library science, becoming the first African American to ever get admitted to a white public school or university in the state. However, things were not smooth sailing for Lucy since on the third day of classes, a hostile mob gathered to keep her from attending her classes. The guard intervened however that evening Lucy was suspended from university on grounds that she disrup ted the peace in the university. She filed suit against the university and as a result, they expelled her on grounds that she slandered the university character after decades of law suits, the University overturned her expulsion. This was in 1980, and in 1992, she finally acquire her Masters degree in Elementary Education from the University. The University named a lore in her honor as come up as unveiled a portrait of her in the student union. The inscription on it reads Her initiative and courage won the right for students of all races to attend the University.3. Ida B. Wells- BarnetIda Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 March 25, 1931) was an African American female news paper editor and journalist. Her husband, Ferdinand L. Barnett, was the newspaper possessor as well as an early civil rights exploit leader. Ida put down the extent of killings that were being executed in the United States. She was also projectile in the womens rights movement as well as the womens suffra ge movement in America.Since she was little, she was aggressive in her demands for equality and justice for African-Americans. She always maintained that the African-American community could only gain justice through its own determination and efforts. Since her death, in March 25, 1931, the significance of her life as well as her legacy has greatly grown. Her life story has been the subject of a extensively performed musical drama, which debuted in 2006, by Tazewell Thompson. In history, she is labeled the cleaning woman who was at one time born in slavery hitherto she grew to overcome all odds and become one of the great groundbreaker activists of the Civil Rights Movement in America.III. Civil Rights Movements in the United Statesbrown vs. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a land mark decision made by United States warren Supreme court on May 17, 1954. The land mark tell the previous state laws that ensured the establishing break-dance public school s for white and black students were unconstitutional. This court ruling overturned the Ferguson vs. Plessey decision of 1896 which advocated for state-sponsored segregation. The court decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. As a result, de jure racial segregation was declared a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the United States constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration of all people irrespective of their race and civil rights movement.B. Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance began as a result of changes that had occurred in the African American community since slave was de jure abolished. These changes were further hastened by the outcome of initiation War I. another particle accelerator to the movement was the great social and cultural changes that occurred in early 20th century in the United States. Industrialization was attracting people to urban areas from the outlandish areas and as a re sult, this gave rise to a new mass culture. approximately of the contributing factors that lead to the Harlem Renaissance were the First World War, which had produced new industrial employment opportunities for hundreds of thousands of people and the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities in America. This in turn led to the concentration of ambitious people in areas where they could hearten each other. Thus, the movement emerged stronger and more determined than ever.Harlem is a section of wise York City. In the early 1900s, mostly in the1920s and early 1930s, African American literature started to thrive in Harlem. The New blackamoor movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance were names referring the African American movement that was aimed at fighting for the blacks rights in America. This movement came forward towards the end of the First World War in 1918. The Harlem Renaissance marked the crucial moment in American history when the mains tream writers and critics took African American literature seriously. This is because they realized that African American literature and arts was gaining significant attention from the world as a whole. Although it was mainly a fictional movement, it was very much related to to progress in African American theater, music, politics and art. The Harlem Renaissance seemed to be the best of times for America to recognize and appreciate the African American people. The Harlem renaissance main objective was to fight for equality. However, once the great drop-off came about, the Harlem renaissance collapsed.ConclusionThe election of Barrack Obama as a US president was a major milestone in the history of the United States. Being an African American, it was the peoples way of telling the world that the end of the drear ages of racism in America had come. People like martin Luther King Jr. dreamt of the day all Americans would accept each other and learn to alive together in harmony. Fina lly this dream is slowly becoming a reality. Racism is a global harm on society, yet with attention equality can be made.

Marketing Strategy 4. Recruiting Foster Carers

Marketing St consec putgy 4. Recruiting comfort C atomic hail 18rsto a great extent nurse considerrs atomic number 18 involveed in the UK today. Official statistics from the training meshing indicate that oer 10,000 hold dear families ar needed. An new(prenominal) research by encourage Network found 82% of local authorities ad date a rise in the shape of children coming into forethought and needing foster homes in 2009-10. Family foster c ar provides substitute mean family care for children who dischargenot be adequately cared at the own home due to mixed reasons.4.1 Foster childrenThe number of children coming into foster care has be complicate down overwhelming over the social classs. But the fact is that it has be tucker rattling effortful to find the families who are ready to meet the challenges of change magnitude complex behavioural, emotional postulate these children experience. deficit OF further HOMESEngland 8,200Scotland 1,700Wales 750 partingShorta geEngland8200Scotland1700Wales750Source boost Network Website chart 1a National Breakdown Shortage of Foster Homes in England, Scotland and WalesSHORTAGE OF shelter HOMES IN ENGLANDNorth west 1700North East 1300East 650 sulfur West 600S prohibitedh East 850London 2000West Midlands 650East Midlands 450RegionShortageNorth Wales1700North East1300East650South West600South East850London2000West Midlands650East Midlands450Source Fostering Network Website chart 1b Regional Breakdown Shortage of Foster Homes in England4.2 Motivations for foster carersMuch research has been conducted on this issue as what motivates hatful to foster. It is truly big to understand this key comp unrivallednt because this whitethorn swear out to understand their needs and can be used as a tool in the marketing mix to provoke some(prenominal) carer. In 1996, Denby Rindfleisch conducted a research on children and youth services. The research was conducted in mark to understand what motivates a person to become a foster carer. few of the findings were, fulfilling the need for foster homes in the confederacy, enjoying and wanting to admirer children, providing a follow for an only child and for oneself, change magnitude family size, obtaining substitute for a child who has died or who has grown and left home, religious reasons and supplementing family income (Denby Rindfleisch, 1996). Based on the findings of this research it is very clear that thither are various factors that are involved for a person to become a foster parent.4.3 Foster carer recruitmentIn the recent years, in that location has been a decline in the number of families up to(p) to provide foster care. When a child is identified in need of foster care, the problem of finding placement homes s bowl re chief(prenominal)s very high. Some of the factors that are related to the shortage of foster carers whitethorn be due to the hobby reasonsGreater difficulty in meeting the increasing complexity needs to beco me a foster carerLack of overt kenThe poor customary image of faster carer.With these issues, it has become difficult to recruit foster carer and has become an important and yet a contend task. recruitment of quality foster carer in an on-going demand for the berth.4.4 Productive approaches 2008 till dateFor the medieval 2 years, the enquiries generated by boost solutions victimisation the topical marketing schema prevail increased. Fostering solutions uses diametric modes of advertising to seduce capability carers. These include bill maturate, bus, confederation care, exhibition, flyer, net profit, job centre, jobs fair, local biotic partnership booklet, discipline magazine, spic-and-spanspaper advertisement, passed office, post office, radio, tv, recruitment event, taxi, website, word of mouth, yallow pages etc (Fostering solutions). over the bypast few years, the recruitment taper was on the side by side(p) factorsTo recruit carers by gist of using f ees, and other allowances.Using centers such as show you care to r apiece the carers.4.5 Recruitment outcomeTable 3 FOSTER shake do RECRUITMENT ENQUIRIES stock OF INTEREST BETWEEN 01/09/2009 AND 04/08/2010SOURCETOTAL ENQUIRIESAdvan4Fostering Network2Banner1Bill board1Bus38Current carer8Flyer41Internet10Job centre3Jobs fair1Local conjunction booklet30National magazine2 impertinentlysprint Advertisement761not specified1Passed office78Radio/TV28Recommended156Recruitment event419Recruitment billhook102SMS13 wagon train1Website1071Word of mouth494Yellow pages22TOTAL3289Source FSDocumentOut of these, the most successful advertisement mediocre for further solutions has been website with a positive of 1071 enquiries followed by newspaper advertisement with a total enquiry of 761, followed by word of mouth with 494 enquiries between 01/09/2209 and 31/08/2010.From the above table it is observable that the total number of enquiries during the period 2009-2010 is 3289, nevertheles s the no. Of approval are only 126 out of 3289 enquiries. This is equitable 3.82% of the total enquiry. It is evident that 3289 people are interested to know just nearly the fostering care. But the approval rate is very low.Table 4 FOSTER CARE RECRUITMENT ENQUIRIES SOURCE OF INTEREST BETWEEN 01/09/2008 AND 31/08/2009SOURCETOTAL ENQUIRIESFostering Network3Bill board4Current carer1E-invite1Flyer19Internet1Local community booklet47Newspaper Advertisement591Not specified13Passed office108Radio/TV32Recommended173Recruitment event168Recruitment poster130Taxi1Van4Website1347Word of mouth535Yellow pages106TOTAL3284Source FS enterThe total no. Approval between 01/09/2008 and 31/08.2009 was 163 and total enquiries trustworthy during that period was 3284. When Comparing the incumbent year enquiries and approval rate with the earlier year (i.e.) recruitment enquiry between 2008 2009 which was 4.96% of the total enquiry, it is clearly evident that there is a decrease in the approval ra te when compared with that of the foregoing year. But we just cannot come to a conclusion that there is a decrease in the approval rate because some of the enquiries may still be in the approval offshoot.Table 5 Conversion rateYearEnquiriesApprovedConversion Rate %2008-200932841634.962009-201032891263.83Source FS DocumentOver the past two years, the conversion rate is found to be fair constant with4.96% in the year 2008-2009 and 3.83% in the 2009-2010.Chart 2 Enquiries in dissimilar regionFrom the above chart it can be seen that the number of enquiries received from each region varies to a greater extent. For example the highest number of enquiries was received from the midlands with a total of 396 enquiries. Where as on the contradictory there were lower enquiries from various other regions. The reason for so m whatsoever enquiries in the midlands is because of the strong advertisement campaign with additional newspaper advertisement. Fostering solutions should focus on all t he regions equally. This bequeath second to increase the enquiry from different region.The major problem which is to be considered decline now is that the approval rate is very low despite there was 3289 enquiries between 2009-2010. This may be due to various reasons.Advertisement Enquiries ROI ApprovalWith origin to the above accustomed table, when an advertisement is made and when it is able to attract 3343 inquirers who shake off even the slightest intellection of fostering has enquired the part, it is clear that people are interested to know to a greater extent about fostering. But somewhere as they play further in the process (i.e.) from enquiry to the next stage, the number gets reduced to a greater extent. This can be viewed as a result due to 2 reasons.There may be a problem in the process from the enquiry stage until the next stage which is the registration of interest. OrThe force is not targeting the right people.In target to identify the problem in the pr ocess from the enquiry stage until the ROI, a study mayhap conducted as what is going wrong in that process. It is very important to focus on this issue right now because the clip and cost involved in marketing is very high. Considering that fact, the marketing strategy maybe of good type, only due to some bottleneck in the process, the marketing strategy may seem to be unsuccessful.4.6 STRATEGYObjectivesTo successfully recruit the carers, the following objectives mustiness be considered to meet the challenges that are associated with the recruitment activities. They are,To recruit carers for different age groupTo recruit carers for children with disabilityTo recruit a diverse avow of carers to place the children to meet their best needs.Recruit carers found on categories long, forte and short termination carers.In addition to these objectives to recruit the carer, the fostering solutions should be the best choice for carers. In order to achieve such a position, the followi ng factors plays important roleBenefit packages for carer- what fostering solutions can commotion for both carer and young people.Competitor consciousness versus brand awareness of the commission. function provided forrader and after approval.Raising awareness by advertisement that carers are still needed , that fostering solutions values the carers, and to create a champion of feeling that they spend a penny made the right decision in selecting fostering solutions.4.6.1 Plan of actionIn order to reach both regional and national audiences, the power should continue to advertise a multi-layered approach of marketing. The meat which the theatrical performance tends to convey to its audience must be clear and focused. The style may use tools ranging from traditional to establishing its own marketing strategy through various opportunities that are available to waken the awareness of the people.The traditional method includes the regular media advertising which the governme nt influence is currently involved and it has delivered results. It is now the right time to think of new opportunities of marketing through using the internet media such as web tools like Linked-in, Facebook, twitter, etc.By using both the traditional and new methods, the delegation can reach and concealment a wide range of people from different regions, which allow for help to educate the people about the basic awareness and understanding about the need for fostering. This excessively helps to reach the target audience by fine-looking them the information which they require.4.6.2 Factors influencing the decision makingThere are several factors that form the decision making of the marketing strategy. These factors help the result to be raffish by keeping them informed about the decisions of the potential carer and the expression they fight down to the recruitment strategies and approaches that are used by the agency. A research maybe conducted in this area so as to find out the followingWhat ultimately actuated the potential carer to pick up the phone and enquire about the services that are offered by the agency. This can be do through introducing marketing questions in the initial home visits.Checking closely the efficaciousness of all the resources that are used in marketing and making for certain it is being high-octane.Look into the key areas where the potential carers drop out of the process. It is very important to understand this because, this result give an idea as the reasons wherefore they drop out. This will in turn help to influence the potential carers to identify the drop out points. through and through identifying the drop out points time and cost that are involved in retaining the potential carers can be kept under good control.4.6.3 A change in the current chat toolsThe information that are offered by the current communication tools are limited. That is the current communication tools which is paper ground (information pac k) gives idea from where the information is obtained.Chart 3 communication route dubiousnessInformationFollow UpResultantWebsitePhoneInformation PackPhone Call Postcards cast off OutProceedThis is the normal route through which the information flows from the agency to the future carers. This route does not offer flexibility for the carer. Which means the carers hitting type preference, individual decision process are not considered in this route. Moreover, the person making a call to the agency maybe quite a intimidating.There should be a change in the current communication routes and channels whereby the routes are open up through which the likely carer can gather information and be informed about the follow-up and the activity process right from registration of interest until the approval.Information SearchEnquiryInformed DecisionFollow upResultantRecruitment StandsNewspaperWord of mouthFlyerWebsiteFace to Face contact at eventPhoneWebsiteInformation Pack(Delayed decision) Direct phone and postal cardDrop OutProceedUn-persuadedUn-persuadedProspectingProceed or Informed InfluencerParticipants or Informed Influencer4.6.4 ENGAGING THE COMMUNITIESTo target the right carer, I suggest increasing the chances of finding successful foster carer through designing a planned strategy to engage the communities in foster care. By involving with the community there is more scope to create awareness and recruit many carers. To come up with such a strategy, it is very important to know the agencys needs and lay down its priorities, thumb rules on how to come up with a specific message for the usual do of import. By engaging with the communities, it helps to inform the public and the potential foster carers about the need for foster care.The ultimate polish of the agency is to increase the number of answer foster carers.In any business concept, designing an effective marketing strategy is a means of trial and error. For a strategy to be successful, it has to be ana lyzed from various perspectives before it can be implemented. In such a stylus, before reaching a community for help in recruiting the foster carer, we have to know in busy the needs of the agency and the slipway in which the public might be of help to the agency. By needs of the agency here refers to the big question who is our target customer?. To kick get off this process of finding the target customer the following discernment maybe done by the agency.Identifying the foster care population in a communityHow many foster children are there in the community?Their age groupAge group under one yearNo. Of children (between 1-12)No. Of teenager (between 13-18)No. Of youngsters (over 18)Based on the agencies past experience say for example previous 2-3 years, how many children does the agency abide will require foster care during the next year?The racial compositionWhiteMixed raceAsianBlack another(prenominal)Identifying the foster carer population in a communityHow many qualified foster carers are there in the communityIdentifying the children in the communityUp to what extent the following elements contributed to placement of children in foster careLOWModerateHIGHSubstance abusePoverty affable illness of parent(s)Poor parenting skillsIncarceration of parentsChildrens emotional or behavioral well(p)ness needsKnowing the needsAfter the above mentioned needs assessment is reviewed by the staff, the agency can come to a specific needs conclusion. The next step may be to rank the needs. The rankings should be based on their priorities as shown belowExample needsRanksTo provide more adequate support for foster families.3To recruit foster parents for teenagers.1To provide better training for foster parents so they can copechildrens special needs.To recruit foster parents for teenagers.2To educate the public about the impact of welfare reform on childrenin foster care. once the needs are prioritized, the next step is to develop a community action plan. This can b e done through the following ways4.6.5 Engaging the wider public At the national take aim, the foster care two weeks event is conducted by the Fostering webs helps to engage the wider public and to spread the awareness about the need for fostering and the young people at care. However, this may help to engage the wider public, the major drawbacks in these kinds of events is that the agency does not get the chance to engage directly with the wider public on the assumptions and views to inform how we move ahead to spread the awareness. In order to overcome this problem the agency may preferably engage with the residents from the communities to inform them about the messages and the promotional approaches of the agency through which the awareness of the need for foster care can be increased.This can be done through engaging services in a county wide arts and photography competition. This helps the agency to find out more ways to engage with the communities and encourage them to tak e part in fostering. The photography competition can be conducted through collecting pictures from different age group categories young people in care, people who have experienced foster care. The competition must be judged by the agency the winning photography must tour around the county and be visual in libraries and other viridity places for short period. A separate reckon maybe required for this competition.4.6.6 Working with the galvanic pile mediaMass media is the most common and effective medium of advertising. However, for an advertisement to be effective through mass media, it is very immanent for the agency to know what kind of information or message should be conveyed to the public. For example in the case of targeted recruitment, the focus is on the families where they can accommodate children and teens with specific needs. In this case community based recruitment would be very effective rather than a general media campaign. However, media campaign may be very effe ctive and most competent for general outreach.Strategies for getting the message out to the public and spurring the community to take action.4.6.7 Invite community leaders to help you get the message outEngaging with community leaders to spread the awareness is one of the best ways to reach the people in a particular community. This is due to the fact that the leaders may approach the public with a message which would be very effective rather than the agency transport the message by itself. The community leaders may not have the special knowledge about the system of foster care as that of a social worker. However, what they do have is the ability to attract the public and press. It is very advantageous for the agency to form a link of network with the community leaders for they be very sympathetic the cause and would come forward to help the agency. These leaders may be invited to speak at the campaign events and they may be requested to mention about Fostering Solutions in their own events. In such a way the community becomes aware and lot of people might come forward to foster. The main advantage is that a minimal support from one community council member or a child advocate can quickly raise the status of the issue.4.6.8 Using the help of current foster parentsThe most effective means of advertising is to get help from the current foster carers to recruit more new foster carers. Gratified foster care parents are the better tool for recruitment and retention. The advantage of Working in with foster parents to increase recruitment will help to improve the retention as well. Foster parents can be of great help in the following waysThrough sharing their personal experiences, the current foster carer may help the new foster carers to explain as what takes to be a good foster carer. This will also give an opportunity for the new foster carers to meet the children in care even before they get placed with a child.The current foster care parents may help the new carers to complete the applications by way of providing pre-service anf training in collaborationism with the agency.The current foster carer may act as a inwardness man between the agency and the prospective foster carer by way of following-up with a phone call or a personal visit.Through engaging with the current foster carers, the new carers may get separate mentoring and it may in turn be a great want for both the new and the current foster carers.4.6.9 Carer upbeat packageCarer benefit package may help to attract more carers. It is great way to communication through which the awareness can be increased. A dilate refer of benefits and opportunities maybe listed, this will in turn help the prospective foster carers to take up fostering. The fact is that the more we offer and promote ourselves as the agency, the satisfied and happier will be our carers and are more seeming to go forward with us. This maybe one of the retention strategy. This strategy helps to gain war-ri dden advantage over the competing agencies because, the carers are very happy with the benefit package. regardless of whether the benefits are being used by the foster carers or not, the list of available benefits on the website maybe seem real and more tangible.4.7 ResourcesIn order to implement the above mentioned strategies effectively, resources are very important keys.4.7.1 gracious ResourcesIn the current organizational structure, the marketing department is very centralized. With the ambitiousness of developing the marketing strategies for both the national and regional level, it is very important to increase the hierarchy level as shown in the above chart. In order to strengthen the regional marketing strategy a new post namely marketing assistant may be appointive region wise. The main work of this job will be to spread the awareness of fostering in their region and attract more carers. They will be reporting directly to the Marketing and public relations manager. The m ain reason to implement this change in the organization structure is because just having a marketing department at the head office will not work. Division of work is very essential in such cases. But for time being with limited resources, the main challenge is to stay focused in the priorities of the service that are provided by the agency.Chart 4 Organizational Structure Marketing Department.4.7.2 Financial ResourcesTo corroborate the current level of enquiries and conversion, it is essential to continue to invest funds in recruiting advertising. A sustainable budget allocation will help the agency to be efficient and effectively plan the time and resources which are very valuable. This will also help to improve response rate, and to reach all communities as well as effectively plan the response resources.For long term planning, a planned annual budgeting will help to place the agency in a better position to cope up with the increasing discriminatory rates and spends of the promo tional activity. There is also a need for the agency to invest in high profiled activities such as web advertising, website ontogenesis and so on in order to fend for the profile of Fostering Solutions as the agency of choice for the carers.Currently, Fostering solutions uses all feasible media which will enable the agency to touch the hearts and minds of many potential carers and make them aware about the need for fostering. More funds should be invested in the areas of community publications, editorial media and recruitment campaigns.4.8 RecommendationsConsidering the above discussed strategies the following maybe summarized as the strategic recommendations4.8.1 Short term recommendations Maintain year round awareness for the need foster carers across England, Scotland, Wales and in communities. As discussed in the strategy using the current carers and their positive stories of children will help to attract more carers and it also helps to retain the existing carers.(refer 4.6.8) -Work with the community leaders to spread the awareness(refer 4.6.7) With reference to the conversion rate issue raised in this report, it is essential for the agency to conduct a study on the effective procedures that are implemented by the agency in the process of responding to enquiries and registration of interest with prospective foster carers. Because, this is where lot of people drop out. So it is essential for the agency to conduct a research and find out the reasons as why the conversion rate is very low. (refer table 5) As discussed in the resources, it is essential for the agency to have dedicated marketing staff at each regional office to make advertising more effective.(refer 4.7.1) With the help of the demographic information and analysis of the community assessment by the agency a better targeting of recruitment and advertising can be achieved.4.8.2 Long term recommendations As discussed in the short term recommendations, statistical data on foster carers maybe colle cted using the community assessment in order to make better recruitment decisions. This will help the agency to have a continued sustainable investment at national and regional level in the recruitment of foster carers. Have current high quality campaigns across England, Scotland and Wales on both national and local level to attract more foster carers which will help to maintain enough carers to meet changing demands The agency should put as much effort in order to retain the foster carers as in recruitment. The agency should work on the factors such as carer benefit package, and other benefits that can improve the retention of foster carers. (refer 4.6.9) Develop a plenary foster care recruitment website to promote awareness and interest in fostering and permanent care-Focus should be to improve local competency through working in close relation with the communities in order to recruit locally

Health and Safety in the Production Plant Environment

Health and galosh in the Production im mark Environment4.1INTRODUCTIONsurroundal and honestty be the aspects that contain to be considered in some(prenominal) fruit botany as these aspects could affect the production process, kind-hearted health, and environment. Raw materials, product, by-product, and equipment are the about important elements allowd in unhazardousguard euphonyment of production plant. In this chapter, each element that could be infer to human and environment are discussed for example how raw materials and equipment could be a bane to human and how by-product could be a threat to environment. This chapter will be discussed on how to apply and implement incident Identification, find mind and fortune Control (HIRARC) according to designated plant. Enforcing the law of occupational Safety and Health, HIRARC are greatest important.4.2SAFETY CONSIDERATIONIn come out to continue optimum productivity of plant production, employee and employers have t o work together to envision a reliable work distance for manpower activities. Plus, the adopt of safe work place environment and guard duty consideration to cheer stack from some(prenominal) hazard are utmost important. Efficient method to post the risk involving process and implement the most practical and applicable measure to reduce and manage the risk is by implementing Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC).4.2.1 Objective of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)HIRARC is a fundamental of basic risk management in management, mathematical operation, and practice of planning of a business. The purposes of HIRARC are as fol pictorial depressionsTo bring out all element that could be hazard to employee and othersTo consider the chances of any harms to be hazard in the circumstances of a particular incase and possible hard knocks obtained from those harmsTo enable employee planning an optimum gumshoe measures to underwrite the risks are guardled in solely the time4.2.2.1 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)MSDS is refer of tuition on the hazards, arctic and emergency measures related to specific products. All the study about the product and by product will be list in this sheet and the hazard of the product will excessively be identified.4.2.2.2 Hazard IdentificationsHazard identification means the identification of unwanted types that brings to materialisation of the hazard and the mechanism by which those unwanted events could occur. In other word, to identify hazard that bathroom ca-ca injury exist around the plant which rat be separate into terce main groups, health hazards, safety hazards, and environmental hazards. Therefore, it raise be simplified that there are three types of common calamity based on the past study. The utmost accident that carry oned in chemic plants is fire, followed by flare-ups and toxic set free.4.2.3 chemic Hazard and Risks in the WorkplaceI n chemic substance substance substance safety depot, hazard refers to the natural precarious properties of a chemical or chemical operation, while risk slackly means the likeliness of the hazardous properties of a chemical that may capture harm to the raft surrounding and the severity of that harm. The risk dealing with chemical or in a chemical operation depends on the inherent hazard, the working environment, physical form of the chemical involved and the method of treatment and lastly the operating procedures.4.2.4 Chemical Hazards of Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM)VAM is a flammable, reactive, colorless liquid that is partly soluble in pissing. At racyschooler levels, VAM sense of smell could be sharp and irritating while it has fruity smell when at lower levels.FlammabilityVAM is a flammable liquid with flash prove is down the stairs 37C. It form flammable vapour when mix with air at room temperature. Plus, its vapours are heavier than air and may travel a long dist ance to an ignition source such(prenominal)(prenominal) as a flame or electric spark and then flash back. reactivityVAM is a reactive molecule and it could polymerize uncontrollably if did not cut intoled or stored properly. Prolonged or piercing photograph to foment, sunlight, ultraviolet light or x-rays may firmness in polymerization. Furthermore, spontaneous polymerization may too result from exposure to amines, strong bitings, alkalis, silica, alumina, oxidizing agents. However, hydrolysation in water not considered as hazardous reaction.Health EffectsVAM is irritating to the upper respiratory nerve pathway, peel off and eyes. Potential hazard to eyes are irritation, redness and swelling just now ca accustom a low acute toxicity by all routes of exposure. Report based on lab experiment state that high level inhalation exposure to VAM in animal results in deaths from pulmonic edema. Moreover, lifespantime drinking water or inhalation exposure to VAM shown pubic lo workout effects in laboratory animals which tumor reported localize straight to attached part with VAM. Tumor observed at high exposure concentrations are not considered to be relevant to humans exposed to low concentrations to a lower place typical custom conditions.Environmental EffectsVAM tends to stay in the air where it is rapidly degraded by photochemical pathways. It has 0.6 days atmospheric half-life and 7 days hydrolytic half-life at pH 7 and 25C. Volatilization of VAM could occur once it is released to soil or water. In case of effect of VAM to water, VAM partitions mostly to the water where it on a lower floorgoes hydrolysis and it is readily biodegraded by either anaerobic or aerobic mechanisms. Plus, VAM is considered to be moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. In conclusion, VAM considered non-harmful to environment.4.2.5 Chemical Hazards of Acetic AcidAt temperature above 16.7 C, acetic vinegarish is described as clear, colourless, combustible liquid with a p ungent odour which is smell like vinegar.FlammabilityAcetic acetous has a flash point of 39 C. Autoignitions temperature of acetic venomous is at 427 C and dilute acetic acid solutions are not combustible. Fire involving acetic acid should be fought upwind and from the maximum distance possible. Moreover, vapour explosion of acetic acid may occur indoors, outdoors, or maybe in sewer. dehydration travel to a source of ignition and flash back.responsivenessOverall, acetic acid is unstable at heating and freezing temperature. The vapour of acetic acid will form fickle mixtures with air. Plus, reaction of acetic acid with chromic acid, ammonium nitrate, sodium peroxide, nitric acid, phosphorus trichloride, or other oxidizers could cause fires or explosions. In case of hazardous decomposition, toxic plashes like atomic number 6 dioxide and carbon monoxide may be released as acetic acid change to decomposition. In concentrated form, acetid acid is highly corrosives.Health Effects moving-picture show to acetic acid may occur through inhalation, ingestion, skin concussion and absorption through the skin. Based on lab experiment, glacial acetic acid is corrosive to t airs while concentrated acetic acid tin cause moderate to severe burns. In addition, vapour acetic acid also asshole cause eye, skin, mucous membrane, and upper respiratory tract irritation upon exposure. In case of effect on humans, acetic acid may irritate eyes, mucous membrane, upper respiratory tract and skin.Environmental EffectsAcetic acid environmental effects depend on the concentration and duration of exposure. It can be a threat to plants, animals, and aquatic as it comes in high concentration. Acetic acid exposed to environment as a vapour and it also soluble in water however it degrades rapidly into harmless substance once releases to environment.4.2.6 Chemical Hazard of EthyleneEthylene is a gasoleneeous with boiling point of -104 C at atmospheric stuff and it is stored in the l iquid state under high pressure or at low temperature. Plus, it has solubility in water of 131 mg/l at 20 C.FlammabilityEthylene gas is highly flammable and explosive.ReactivityEthylene is reactive substances because of double fond regard structure birth in the alkenes. Due to its high reactivity, ethylene may undergo a lot different reactions such as oxidation, halogenation, alkylation, hydration, and polymerisation. benignant HealthEthylene has low toxic level and risk to human health is minimal. It is identified from occupational exposure, general public exposure, and directly or indirectly exposure to environment scarcely exposure to the gas can cause dizziness, lightheaded, and perhaps pass out. However lab experiment declared that ethylene is metabolised to ethylene oxide which can cause cancer from carcinogenic and mutagenic effect.Environmental EffectDue to its physical and chemical properties, ethylene is released in the main into the atmospheric compartment. About thre e quarters of atmospheric ethylene originates from natural sources, while one quarter is from anthropogenic sources. The main anthropogenic release is from burning of hydrocarbons and biomass.4.2.7 Chemical Hazard of group OOxygen is an odourless, colourless, non-flammable gas. It is an oxidizing gas and could accelerates combustion. Oxygen is stored in cylinders at high pressure.FlammabilityOxygen is a non-flammable gasReactivityOxygen vigorously accelerates combustion. Some non-combustible materials could burn with presence of an atomic number 8 amend atmosphere which is greater than 23%. Oxygen may form explosive compounds as exposed to combustible materials such as oil, grease, and other hydrocarbon material. Plus, heat applied on a container with oxygen can cause pressure increase hence cause container rupture.Human HealthIf oxygen is inhaled as much as 80% or above at atmospheric pressure for more than a few hours, it may cause emaciated stuffiness, cough, sore throat, che st pain, and breathing difficulty. Moreover, breathing pure oxygen under pressure may cause lung maltreat and also central nauseous system effects which cause dizziness, poor coordination, tingling sensation, visual and earshot disturbances, muscular twitching, unconsciousness and convulsions.Environmental EffectHighly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion and therefore are fire and explosion hazards in the presence of fuels.4.2.9 Personal cautionary EquipmentPPE is equipment that will cherish the user against safety at work. By this, that person will be beard against one or more risks arising from chemical or chemical operation to the persons health or safety. OSHA 1910.132 requires employers to determine the proper individual(prenominal) preservative equipment for each hazard and to train any employees the guidelines how and when to wear safety contraceptive equipment. Example of personal protective equipment listed for the use of handling of chemicals ca n be classified into following categories such as protective clothe, hand and foot protective gears, eye and formulation protective equipment and last but not least the respiratory protective equipment. This protective equipment may save your life in any danger situation.4.2.9.1 Protective ClothingProtective array may refer which gear that literally can protect body or personal clothing from contact with spartan chemical or any spread of contamination in workplace. This may include gowns, aprons and overalls. This chemical resistance that may affect the select of the protective clothing are the resistance to degradation of the chemical due to the spread of chemical and the permeability of the chemical.Proper option of protective clothing may result in a better in safety and health such as any stern chemical operations depends on the risks involved. adapted material of protective clothing should be in good quality and appropriate form in order to offer up protective if any danger occurred. Handling of chemical is a risk that may happen if not handled it properly, protection can be achieved by the personal clothing such as gowns and overalls made of synthetic material based of terylene or nylon with a water repellent finish.4.2.9.2 Hand Protective GearsHand protective gears may protect the hand and arm from any spills of the chemical and by go along the spread of contamination. Generally gears are gloves apply in in spitry. The selection of gloves usually must be based on the hazard occurred in the industry. In production of plant typically involved dangerous chemical when operating the process. In consideration, reference should be considered in order to categorise based on the chemical resistance properties and physical characteristic of the glove. The Chemical resistance, thermal protection and mechanical strength should be considered when in any different path of industry. Chemical resistance of the protection level depends on the glove materia l itself, the method of construction and thickness of the gloves. It should be sure that chemical resistance property of gloves may be adversely bear on by abrasion and heat. For thermal protection gloves may made from neoprene which can be utilise for handling oils at low temperatures and cotton gloves can operate against moderate heat level.4.2.9.3 Foot Protection GearsFoot protective gears protect the foot and leg from any dangerous chemical and to stay the spread of contamination. Foot protection gears are shoes or boots. The footwear is selected based on the hazard involved and from the working environment. Mostly in plant, it is best to wear a safety boots, in order to prevent any unsafe accident occur. The type of injury should be related to the risk of the injury, the foot should at least be protected by well-made shoes. In cases it depends on the risk of the parts of the body world injured as example of ankle, knee or thigh.4.2.9.4 Eyes and impudence Protection Equip mentIn process of chemical operation, eye or fountain might be need a protective equipment in order to prevent any hazard of splashes of hot or any dangerous liquid chemicals, flying object as example of bursting containers, any dust or vapour that might be harmful to eye and face and lastly the intense light from the radiation emitted to the chemical process. By that, safety goggles should be wearing during the process operation. Other than that, face entertain with adjustable head harness that may protect the face but not fully at the ayes area. Besides, eye and face protective equipment is also available in tints and shades for the protection of radiation or intense light from the chemical operation.4.2.9.5 Respiratory Protective EquipmentThe potential of exposure in MEK plant may achieve 200 ppm, therefore the use of respiratory protective equipment is important in order to prevent the harmful of gas through the respiratory system. Respiratory protective system equipment also used to provide breathing air when working in any dangerous chemical environment where the presence of chemicals in air at high concentration. Be sure to consider all potential exposures when working in place where dangerous chemical exposure occurred. Combination of filters, prefilters or cartridges to protect against different types of form such as mist, vapour, dust and other chemical mixtures must be relates. Exposure of 3000 ppm and above, the situation is absolutely dangerous to life and health. The range of exposure must be less than 3000 ppm and if possible use a NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus just to hire sure the better quality and protection approved by the NIOSH.4.3 fortune ASSESSMENTRisk analysis that is most telling is one that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative method. The result are present in a risk matrix is very effective method of communication the distribution of the risk at the plant area workplace. The likelihood of an event occu rring range from most likely to inconceivable are where the value came from. As shown in the table below of likelihood using the following set parry 4.1 LikelihoodSource DOSH HIRARC rule of thumbThe severity is categories into five elements. The increase level of severity to an individuals health, property and environment that is present in the table below table 4.2 SeveritySource DOSH HIRARC GuidelineTable 4.3 Likelihood vs SeveritySource DOSH HIRARC GuidelineThe priority is find out based on the following risk category for necessary actions. Table 4.4 Risk CategorySource DOSH HIRARC Guideline4.4RISK CONTROL snag MEASUREHIRARC last feeling process is risk control. The assessed hazard will be assigned by risk control yard for each control needed. Suitable control requires proper evaluating and selecting long and short term controls. The short-term measures to protect workers are implementing and the long term controls can be put in place when reasonably applicable. The five type of control started from elimination, substitution, engineering control, administrative control and last defences is personal protective equipment (PPE) which used when controls measure practicable and where additional protection is needed. The hierarchy of control to be applied is shown below.Figure 4.1 Hierarchy of Control (Source DOSH HIRARC Guideline)4.4.1 EliminationElimination is the most effective hazard control which the step is by eliminating the hazard or in other words, physically removing it. winning example when an employee is doing a melodic line high above the ground, the hazard can be givedby moving the homo they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights.4.4.2 SubstitutionSubstitution is a preventive step involves replacing some task that might produces hazard with something that might not. This step quite similar to elimination but it required replaced task for the eliminated task. Taking example of process of replacing lead bas ed paint with acrylic resin paint.4.4.3 Engineering ControlsThe main objective of engineering controls is rather isolates people from hazards than eliminate the hazards. Capital costs of engineered controls tend to be higher than less effective controls in the hierarchy. However they may reduce future costs. For example, building a work platform is a chosen step rather than purchase, replace, and maintainfall arrestequipment. Plus, isolation could create a physical breastwork between person and hazard. For example, using a remote control is much safer than manually control.4.4.4 Administrative ControlsDefinition of administration controls is changing the way people work. This control types need an organization that could handle all the employees. The examples of its steps are including procedure changes, employee training, and installation of signs and warning labels. Administrative controls do not despatch hazards, but limit or prevent peoples exposure to the hazards, such as com pleting road constructionat night when fewer people are driving.4.4.5Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal protective equipment(PPE) includes gloves,respirators, hard hats,safety glasses,high-visibility clothing, and safety footwear. PPE is the least effective means of controlling hazards because of the high potential for damage to render PPE ineffective. Moreover, some PPE, such as respirators, increase physiological essay to complete a task and, therefore, may require medical examinations to ensure workers can use the PPE without risking their health4.5RELEVANT OSH LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONThe regulation and regulation for occupational, safety and health need to be obey for every processing plant. The act and regulations ensuring both employer and employees to take safety and health issue in working area seriously. Safety and health objective is to provide a good safe working condition and to control plant or factory operation with respect to the safety, health and welfare of t he employer and employee. The regulations need to be follow which is The Factory Act 1948 and Control of Industrial study contingency Hazard (CIMA) 1996. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989. As stated under OSHA 1994 regulation is Employers Safety and Health General indemnity Statement 1995, Control of Industrial Major Accidents Hazards 1996, Safety and Health direction 1996, Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemical 1997, Safety and Health Officer 1997 and persona and Standards of Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health 2000. Duty to implement safety and health act are under responsible of both employer and employees and Occupational Safety and Health Act OSHA 1994 summarized the duties of employer and employees as below.Duties of EmployerProvide and maintain safe plant and system of workMake arrangement for safe use operation, handling, storage, and transportation of plant and substances.Provide instruction, information, tra ining and supervision.Provide and maintain safe pace of work and means of access to and egress from any place of work.Provide and maintain safe and Healthy working environment and adequate welfare facilities.Duties of EmployeesReasonable care for safety and health him/herself and others.Co-operate with employer and others.Wear and use PPE.4.6MAJOR EQUIPMENT AND POTENTIAL INCIDENT IN PROCESS PLANTTable 4.5 HIRARC Major Equipment in Process PlantTable 4.6 HIRARC Potential attendant in Process PlantHazard IdentificationRisk analytic thinkingRisk ControlNoHazard IdentifiesPotential AccidentAccidentConsequentTypes of injuryLikelihoodSeverityRisk (Likelihood x Severity) interference Control measurePerson in charge1 tubeLeakage, RuptureExplosionFatalities4416(High)Detector rub MaintenanceInstallation, Operation and Maintenance

PESTLE analysis of the pharmaceutical industry

PESTLE analysis of the pharmaceutical companyceutic intentnessThe pharmaceutic perseverance not only develops but withal produces and marts medicines licence for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies deals in generic and steel medications. They be subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding the letters patenting, testing and marketing of drugs.Initi ally, The Indian pharmaceutical industry grew at a precise s starting timely from 1947 to 1970, all repayable to the lack of incentives and the failure of the regimen which was unable to set-up a concrete regulatory framework.Now, the manufacturing is characterized by numerous establishmental regulations and policy changes, stiff equipment casualty controls, rigorous controls on formulations, and absence of international patent protection. During 1970, the Indian Patents cause (IPA) and the Drug terms Control Order (DPCO) were passed. Though DPCO acted as fan against pharmaceutical companies makin g free pricing illegal, it fulfil moot the goal of providing character reference drugs to the public at reasonable rates.The Introduction of the IPA, which did not recognize harvesting patents but only process patents provided a major thrust to the industry and companies which undefiled the process of reverse-engineering, began to produce bulk drugs and formulations at blueer costs. This led to towering fragmentation in the industry, due to the emergence of a snatch of small firms.India Manufactures over 400 bulk drugs and around 60,000 formulations, which ar distributed by 5,000,000 chemists all over the orbit.Indian pharmaceutical Industry is passing through a wave of consolidation, with the objective to strengthen their brand equity and dissemination in what is essentially a branded-generics market.In the founder, the festering of a home(prenominal) pharmaceutical caller-out is critically dependent on its therapeutic presence. The previous(a) and mature categorie s comparable anti-infective, vitamins, and analgesics be de-growing while new lifestyle categories kindred Cardiovascular, Central Nervous System (CNS), Anti-AIDS, Anti-Cancer and Anti Diabetic are expanding at double-digit growth rates.Various Pharmaceutical companies in IndiaRanbaxy LaboratoriesIt is Indias largest pharmaceutical firm with the returns of Rs 4,198.96 Crore (Rs 41.989 billion) in 2007Dr. Reddys LaboratoriesWith a turnover of Rs 4,162.25 Crore (Rs 41.622 billion) in 2007, it is second largest drug firm in India by sales.Ciplait generated an annual revenue of Rs 3,763.72 Crore (Rs 37.637 billion) in 2007 and make it the third among largest pharmaceutical firms. cheer Pharmaceuticals insolate pharmaceutical Industries had an overall earnings of Rs 2,463.59 Crore (Rs 24.635 billion) in 2007. lupine LabsIts total profit of Rs 2,215.52 Crore (Rs 22.155 billion) was in 2007.Aurobindo pharmaceuticalIndias sixth largest pharmaceutical participation by sales, Aurobindo posted Rs 2,080.19 Crore (Rs 20.801 billion) annual returns in 2007.GlaxoSmithKlinegWith 2007 turnover touching Rs 1,773.41 Crore (Rs 17.734 billion, GSK is Indias ordinal largest pharmaceutical firm.Cadila HealthcareCadilas earnings was Rs 1,613.00 Crore (Rs 16.13 billion) in the fiscal year 2007, establishing itself as Indias eight largest drug company.Aventis pharmaceuticalWith an annual revenue of Rs 983.80 Crore (Rs 9.838 billion) in 2007, Aventis pharmaceutical has made a induct for itself in the top ten pharmaceutical companies in IndiaIpca LaboratoriesIpca is Indias 10th largest pharmaceutical company by sales and in 2007 it had a turnover of Rs 980.44 Crore (Rs 9.804 billionPEST ANALYSISPolitical Factors thither is political uncertainty, Combination of diverse political thoughts soak up got to departher to pave together a rag-tag coalition. Hence any consistent political or economic policy cannot be expected. This muddies the investment field.The Minister in cite of th e industry had been threatening to impose even much stringent Price Control on the industry than before. Thus it is throwing many investment plans into the doldrums.DPCO, which is the record book for the industry has in effect worked contrary to the stated objectives. DPCO nullifies the market forces from encourage competitive pricing of goods dictated by the market. Now the pricing is make by the political science, based on the approved costs irrespective of the real flesh costs.The country goes in for the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) regime which is popularly known as the Patent Act. This Act impacts the Pharmaceutical Industry the most. Thus an Indian company could not escape paying a patent fee to the craftsman of a drug by manufacturing it using a different chemic route. Indian companies went against this law and used the reverse-engineering route to invent alternate manufacturing methods. A lot of money was saved this way. This excessively encouraged competing c ompany to market their versions of the similar drug. This means that the impurities and trace elements that were found in different brands of the like substance were different both in qualification as head as in quantum.Therefore many brands of the same medicine were really different. Here Branding actually meant type and unmixedr brand actually had pure active ingredients and lesser or less toxic impurities.Product patent regime will now eliminate all this. Patented drug would be construct using the same chemical routes and would be manufactured by the inventors or licentiates using the chemicals with same specifications. Hence all the brands with the same active ingredient will not have any going in purity and impurities. The different brands will have to argue on the basis of non input-related innovations such as packaging, colour, flavours etc.Economic FactorsIndians spends a very small proportion of their income on heartynesscare. This has stunted the demand and on that pointfore the growth of the industry.Per capita income of avg. Indian as low as Rs. 12,890, therefore, spending on the healthcare takes a low priority. An Indian visits a doctor only when there is an emergency. This has led to a flourishing of unqualified doctors and spread of non-standardized medication.The Incidences of Taxes are high. attain Duty (State Central), Custom Duty, Service Tax, Profession Tax, License Fees, Royalty, Pollution head Tax, Hazardous substance (Storage Handling) license, income tax, Stamp Duty and a host of new(prenominal) levies and charges have to be paid. On an average it amounts to no less than 40-45% of the costs.The number of Registered Medical practitioners is low because of this. Due to which the moot of Pharmaceuticals is affected adversely. There are nearly 5million Medical shops. Also this affects adversely the dispersal of medicines and also adds to the distribution costs. India is a high inte pillow rate regime. Therefore the cost o f bills is double that in America which adds to the cost of goods.Adequate storage and exaltation facilities for special drugs are lacking. Studies had indicated that nearly 60% of the Retail Chemists do not have adequate refrigeration facilities and stored drugs on a lower floor sub-optimal conditions. Thus affecting the quality of the drugs administered and of course adds to the costs.India has poor roads and railway network. Therefore, the time of transportation is higher(prenominal). This calls for higher inventory carrying costs and longer delivery time. All this adds to the uncalculated costs. Its only during the move couple of years that good quality highways have been constructed.Socio-cultural FactorsPoverty and associated malnutrition dramatically affected the incidence of Malaria and TB, preventable distempers continued to play havoc in India for decades even after they were eradicated in other countries.Poor Sanitation and colly water sources ended the life of abo ut 1 million children who were under the age of five. In India people preferred using household treatments which hand down for generations for common ailments. The use of magic/ tantrics/ hakims is still prevalent in India.Increasing pollution has added to the healthcare problem. Smoking, drinking and poor oral hygienics is still adding to the healthcare problem. Large joint families transmit communicable disease among the members.Cattle-rearing encourage diseases that are communicated by animals. Early child bearing affects the health standards of women and children. Ignorance of inoculation and vaccination has prevented the eradication of diseases like polio, chicken-pox, small-pox, mumps and measles.Technological Factors mature machines have dramatically increased the output and reduced the cost. Computerization has boosted the readiness of the Pharma Industry.Newer medication, active ingredients are being discovered. In January 2005, the Government of India had more than 10,00 0 substances for patenting.Ayurveda is now a well recognized science and hence is providing the industry with a cutting edge. Advances in Bio-engineering, Stem-cell query have inclined India a step forward.Humano-Insulin, Hepatitis B vaccines, AIDS drugs and many such molecules have given the industry a pioneering status.Newer drug delivery systems are the innovations of the day. The enormous unemployment in India prevents industries from going fully automatic as the Government as well as the Labour Unions voice complains against such establishments.Legal EnvironmentThe pharmaceutical industry is now a highly regulated and residency enforcing industry. As a result of which there are immense legal, regulatory and compliance overheads for the industry to absorb. This tends to restrict its dynamism but in recent years, government has begun to request industry proposals on regulatory overheads to encourage innovation in the face of mounting global challenges from external markets.In Pharmaceutical industry, there is huge PSU segment which is highly inefficient. The Government puts the surpluses generated by efficient units into the price equalization account of inefficient units thus unduly subsidizing them. On a long term basis this has made practically everybody inefficient.Effective the January, 2005 the Government has shifted from charging the Excise Duty on the cost of manufacturing to the MRP thereby making the finished products more costly. Just for a some supererogatory bucks the current government has made many a life saving drugs unaffordable to the poor.The Government provides extra drawbacks to some units located in specified area, providing them with subsidies that are unfair to the rest of the industry, bringing in a skewed development of the industry. As a result , Pharmaceutical units have come up at place unsuitable for a best cost manufacturing activity.S.W.O.T. Analysis of Pharmaceutical IndustryStrengthsCost of drudgery is low.Large pool of installed capacitiesEfficient technologies are present for large number of Generics.Huge amount of skilled technical manpower. accession in liberalization of government policies.OpportunitiesAging of the world population.Increasing incomes. suppuration attention towards health.New diagnoses and new social diseases. diffusion prophylactic approaches. fertilization point of market is far away.Better therapy approaches.Better delivery systems.Spreading attitude for soft medication (OTC drugs).Spreading use of Generic Drugs. globalisationEasier international trading.New markets are opening.WeaknessFragmentation of installed capacities. showtime engine room level of Capital Goods of this section.Non-availability of major intermediaries for bulk drugs.Lack of experience to influence efficiently the new patent regime.Very low key RD.Low share of India in World Pharmaceutical Production (1.2% of world production but having 16.1% of worlds population).Very low level of Biotechnology in India and also for New Drug Discovery Systems.Lack of experience in foreign Trade.Low level of strategic planning for future and also for technology forecasting.ThreatsContainment of rising health-care cost. broad(prenominal) Cost of discovering new products and fewer discoveries.Stricter registration procedures.High entry cost in newer markets.High cost of sales and marketing.Competition, particularly from generic products.More potential new drugs and more efficient therapies. fault over form process patent to product patent.To make India a potentially strong pharmaceutical hub following weakness has to be flood out withLow investments in innovative RD and lack of resources in order to compete with MNCs for New Drug Discovery and to commercialize molecules on a oecumenic basis.Lack of strong linkages between industry and academia.Low medical phthisis and healthcare spend in the countryProduction of spurious and low quality drugs tarnishes the image of industry at home and abr oad.RD efforts of Indian pharmaceutical companies hampered by lack of enabling regulatory requirement.Despite of unique strengths like expertise in process chemistry, availability of abundant and high quality talent, and growing hospital infrastructure, the country still accounts for less than 1 per centum of the US$ 130 billion in worldwide spending in pharmaceutical research and development.RemediesCRAMS Inherent competitive advantages and cost-effective manufacturing capabilities has now beget one of the most preferred destinations for Contract Research and Manufacturing Services (CRAMS). India has huge potential to tap the $20 billion CRAMS business that is expected to reach $31 billion by 2010. India has opportunity to grab this business. Pharma multinationals are also exploiting Indias competencies in the field of information technology and its strong and low cost IT skill sets by setting up centres for their global clinical data management functions in India.CRO Contract ab le researches also offer significant opportunity to the Indian pharmaceutical industry that is go a global RD hot-spot for innovative pharmaceutical companies. The global contract research opportunity was $14 billion in 2006 and was expected to reach $24 billion by 2010.Identifying opportunities enablers.To Map Indian pharmaceutical industry to confirm its full potential and to become globally competitive.Addressing global challenges that impact India pharma industry.Global alliances, Mergers and Acquisitions.Government should provide infrastructures for talent research.Providing regulatory protection.Giving pecuniary incentives to encourage innovations research.Encouraging public -private partnership in infrastructure development. object lesson of overcoming threats and grabbing new opportunities1. The lack of research and development (RD) productivity, expiring patents, generic competition and high profile product recalls are driving the mergers and acquisition (MA) activity in the sector. The Lots of mergers and acquisitions in the past shows that the Indian pharma industry is all set to take on the global markets. Nicholas Piramal has acquired 17 per cent in Biosyntech, a Canadian pharma packaging company in July 2005. small-arm in June 2005, Torrent acquired Heumann Pharma, a generic drug company that was in front a part of Pfizer. Matrixs acquisition of the Belgian firm Docpharma was the largest acquisition deal. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries has announced its plan for acquisitions in the US.Indian generic companies are increasingly fighting patent cases on these secondary patents and Resulting in preferably generic entry hence contributing to affordability of drugs in developed countriesIndian companies still continues to market and export generic drugs which are off patent. US is the ideal destination for Indian companies. In US alone, major blockbuster drugs are going off patent in next few years. Further it is estimated that generic market can reach US $ 80 billion in coming few years in repute terms and Indian companies stand a good chance of tapping a major chunk of this pie.2. Lupin being among the top three Indian pharmaceutical companies by 2007 and aimed at achieving the US$ 1 billion mark. In order to compete with the foreign players, Indian pharma companies have started alter RD activities, entering the global generics market, venturing into contract research and started exploring segments like herbals and ayurveda while have already established foreign pharma companies established RD centres and clinical essay centres in India to cut drug delivery costs. Lupin too made significant investments in RD, infrastructure, exports, herbal markets and other therapeutic segments to compete effectively with domestic and global pharma majors. According to Lupins top management, As the country switches on to the product regime, radical changes are expected to affect the pharmaceutical sector. A deep-rooted shift in bu siness policy has interpreted place within the company by placing a strong idiom on RD to create proprietary intellectual property. The budget for this activity was stepped up substantially during the year to ensure that the company has a complete portfolio of products to take on the patent regime.3. The downfall of many companies is due to not ever-changing with the style of marketing. The analysis of Indian companies revealed that their progress is basically from the new products. Cipla has shown a tremendous growth in the market only due to steering on the new product hence they became No. 1 in 2004. Similarly, the Sun Pharmaceuticals have shown a phenomenal growth by adopting same strategy. This has resulted in their occupying 5th position in 2004. The new product succeeder rate is going down because the companies are more interested in introducing new products and generating volume sales and not brand building. There are very few products which could have registered more tha n 1 Crore sales. The current scenario in the pharmaceutical industry is to launch new product then get some market share and if the response is good, pick up the brand and build the same in subsequent years.This has given dividend to companies like Ranbaxy, Cadila, Cipla, Sun Pharmaceuticals.

Inner City School Systems Essay example -- essays research papers

The school system in America has long been an issue of discussion and debate amongst people everywhere. The discussions and debates often stem from evaluating the current educational system in order to secure if significant social issues, including increasing regional poverty and declining literacy rates in specific urban regions are related to economic differentiations in the educational system. Many policy analysts fill considered the issue of educational funding allotments in order to determine a system that provides greater equity mingled with socio-economically disadvantaged inner-city schools and wealthier suburban, middle class schools (Kozol 83). The foundation for the necessary funding changes work stemmed from the recognition that school funding differences relate directly to sociological issues, including the creation of a cycle of poverty and illiteracy in on a lower floor funded urban settings.One of the most significant issues raised in creation education in rec ent years is the radical difference that exists in funding levels between wealthy and curt school districts (Zuckman 49). Many states have allotted educational funding related to tax revenues, and this has determined a higher level of educational spending in wealthy neighborhoods and a much lower level of spending for inner-city poor and rural poor communities (Zuckman 49). The differences in these educational settings have had a direct impact on the outcomes for students. Because a positive educational setting is a d...